Table 3.
Bone graft prefabrication studies in clinical cases.
| Reference/year | Defect treated | No. of patients | IVB | Prefabrication time | Scaffold | Seed cells | Growth factor | Outcome and follow-up time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horch et al., 2014 | Tibial defect | 1 | AVL between popliteal vessels | N/A (in situ prefabrication) | Iliac crest autografts | None | None | N/A; 5.5 years |
| Radialis defect | 1 | AVL between radial artery and cephalic vein | β-TCP and HA | BMA | None | N/A; 32 mo | ||
| Kokemueller et al., 2010 | Mandibular defect | 1 | Muscular pouch in LDM combined with AVB from thoracodorsal trunk | Over 6 mo | β-TCP and iliac crest autografts | BMA | None | N/A; 12 mo |
| Mesimäki et al., 2009 | Maxillary defect | 1 | Muscular pouch in rectus abdominis muscle | 8 mo | β-TCP within a titanium cage | ADSCs | BMP-2 | Osseointegrated without adverse events; 12 mo |
| Cheng et al., 2006 | Mandibular defect | 1 | Cambium layer of iliac periosteum | 8 wk | Iliac crest autografts within a PMMA chamber | None | None | Increased mandible height; died of unrelated cancer after 16 mo |
| Heliotis et al., 2006 | Mandibular defect | 1 | Muscular pouch in pectoralis major muscle | 6.5 mo | HA | None | BMP-7 | Infection and necrosis; 5 mo |
| Warnke et al., 2004, Warnke et al., 2006b | Mandibular defect | 1 | Muscular pouch in LDM | 7 wk | BioOsss blocks within a titanium cage | BMA | BMP-7 | Infection and revision; died of cardiac arrest after 15 mo |
| Orringer et al., 1999 | Mandibular defect | 1 | Thin scapular fasciocutaneous flap | 4 mo | Iliac crest autografts within a Dacron-polyurethane cage | None | BMP | N/A; died of recurrence after 2 years |
ADSC, adipose-derived stem cells; AVB, axial vascular bundle; AVL, arteriovenous loop; BMA, bone marrow aspirate; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMP-7, bone morphogenetic protein 7; β-TCP, beta-tricalcium phosphate; LDM: latissimus dorsi muscle; PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate).