Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants divided according to the presence of DR (ETDRS scale score ≥ level 20).
| With DR | Without DR | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 40 | 3084 | |
| Age (years) | 55.6 ± 8.1 | 47.8 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 42.5 | 48 | 0.487 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 3.8 | 26.2 ± 3.8 | 0.635 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 140.1 ± 18.6 | 129.2 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 91.2 ± 14.6 | 85.0 ± 11.6 | 0.011 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 11.9 ± 7.5 | 7.2 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2 ± 1.6 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 8.9 (4.1, 13.4) | 7.4 (4.7, 11.3) | 0.398 |
| 2 h postload insulin (mU/L) | 22.1 (14.5, 45.2) | 40.1 (23.1, 67.0) | 0.014 |
| ALT (U/L) | 21.5 (16.0, 27.5) | 20.0 (15.0, 27.0) | 0.368 |
| AST (U/L) | 20.0 (17.0, 25.0) | 21.0 (18.0, 25.0) | 0.764 |
| SCR (µmol/L) | 52.0 (43.4, 64.5) | 58.0 (49.0, 68.4) | 0.026 |
| UA (mmol/L) | 251.5 (208.0, 297.3) | 273.0 (227.0, 331.0) | 0.028 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.3, 5.5) | 4.8 (4.3, 5.5) | 0.939 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 0.889 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.679 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.2) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.3) | 0.477 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 24.6 (3.2, 64.6) | 5.8 (2.2, 15.1) | 0.001 |
Variables with a normal distribution are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; other variables are presented as the median (interquartile range).
DR, diabetic retinopathy; ETDRS, Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour postload plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SCR, serum creatinine; UA, uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.