Figure 1.

Latent transition analysis with growth mixture model (LTA-GMM) on reading development. The dynamic systems of reading development show the relations among the reading ability, initial state, slopes of two stages, and latent groups with social rating (SRS), SES, and poverty as the environmental factors. y₁ − y₆, reading ability indicators from Wave 1 to Wave 6; INT1, Stage 1 Intercept; SLP1, Stage 1 Slope; INT2, Stage 2 Intercept; SLP2, Stage 2 Slope; G1, Stage 1 Grouping (two groups); G2, Stage 2 Grouping (two groups).