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. 2016 Oct 25;7:478. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00478

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Copyright © 2016 Cappellini, Ivanenko, Martino, MacLellan, Sacco, Morelli and Lacquaniti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Foot trajectory and vertical hip displacement characteristics. (A), Correlation coefficient (mean + SD) between vertical foot displacements (5MT_y, swing phase) in children with CP and TD toddlers and ensemble average in older TD children. (B–D) Averaged across all strides individual foot trajectories (5MT_y, ordered according to age from top to bottom) for children with hemiplegia (more affected and least affected sides), diplegia (right and left sides) and TD (right and left sides) children. TD children were divided into two subgroups: 7 toddlers aged 1–1.2 years and 26 older children aged 2.1–11.8 years. The lower curves in B-D illustrate ensemble-averaged (across subjects, ± SD) foot movements. 5MT_y is expressed in relative units (normalized by the limb length L). (E) Vertical hip (GT_y, averaged for right and left legs) displacements averaged across subjects (mean ± SD, left panel) and correlation coefficients between GT_y data in children with CP and TD toddlers and corresponding ensemble averaged GT_y in older TD children (right panel). Horizontal lines denote significant differences with older TD children.