Table 8.
Ventricular and Arterial Properties in Fontan Patients According to Beta‐Blocker Therapy
| Any Beta‐Blocker (n=25) | No Beta‐Blocker (n=145) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, female n (%) | 11 (44) | 64 (44) | 0.98 |
| Age, y | 27.9±9.0 | 26.0±7.8 | 0.27 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.75±0.23 | 1.75±0.21 | 0.99 |
| Time post‐Fontan, y | 14.6±7.3 | 12.0±7.8 | 0.12 |
| Single right ventricle, n (%) | 10 (40) | 47 (32) | 0.46 |
| Stable clinical status, n (%) | 17 (68) | 113 (78) | 0.51 |
| Heart rate, beat/min | 71±15 | 75±15 | 0.25 |
| Vascular properties | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 100±13 | 111±15 | 0.0003 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 38±12 | 44±12 | 0.021 |
| Aortic compliance, mL/mm Hg | 2.56±1.13 | 1.95±0.85 | 0.0024 |
| SVRI, dyne·s·cm−5·m2 | 1794±495 | 2189±823 | 0.022 |
| Effective arterial elastance (Ea), mm Hg/mL | 1.10±0.35 | 1.40±0.56 | 0.010 |
| Ventricular geometry | |||
| Ventricular end‐diastolic volume index, mL/m2 | 99±22 | 96±36 | 0.61 |
| Ventricular mass index, g/m2 | 83±30 | 93±33 | 0.19 |
| Systolic function, VA coupling and efficiency | |||
| Ejection fraction, % | 51±8 | 50±10 | 0.48 |
| Stroke volume index, mL/m2 | 51±13 | 46±15 | 0.13 |
| Cardiac index, L/min per m2 | 3.54±0.91 | 3.32±1.03 | 0.31 |
| End‐systolic elastance (Ees), mm Hg/mL | 1.22±0.49 | 1.42±0.70 | 0.18 |
| VA coupling ratio (Ees/Ea) | 1.15±0.39 | 1.03±0.34 | 0.12 |
| PRSW, erg·cm−3·103 | 73±14 | 71±18 | 0.67 |
| Peak power index, mm Hg/s | 227±82 | 328±94 | 0.008 |
| Energetic efficiency, % | 20.7±2.6 | 19.7±2.5 | 0.061 |
| Diastolic function | |||
| DWS | 0.27±0.12 | 0.27±0.11 | 0.89 |
DWS indicates diastolic wall strain; PRSW, preload recruitable stroke work; SVRI, systemic vascular resistance index; VA coupling, ventricular‐arterial coupling.