Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics and Medications
| Overall | No‐Hypertension | Hypertension | P‐Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 7406 | 2929 | 4477 | |
| Age, y | 69.8±10.0 | 68.1±10.8 | 70.8±9.2 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 5241 (70.8) | 2146 (73.3) | 3095 (69.1) | <0.001 |
| Type of AF | ||||
| Paroxysmal | 2835 (38.3) | 1123 (38.3) | 1712 (38.2) | <0.001 |
| Persistent | 1081 (14.6) | 459 (15.7) | 622 (13.9) | |
| Permanent | 3490 (47.1) | 1347 (46.0) | 2143 (47.9) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 781 (10.5) | 261 (8.9) | 520 (11.6) | 0.115 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 634 (8.6) | 348 (11.9) | 286 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| HCM | 264 (3.6) | 115 (3.9) | 149 (3.6) | 0.196 |
| DCM | 370 (5.0) | 233 (8.0) | 137 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Congenital heart disease | 96 (1.3) | 56 (1.9) | 40 (0.9) | 0.133 |
| COPD | 131 (1.8) | 53 (1.8) | 78 (1.7) | 0.901 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 131 (1.8) | 61 (2.1) | 70 (1.6) | 0.419 |
| Risk factors for stroke | ||||
| Heart failure | 2055 (27.7) | 850 (29.0) | 1205 (26.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 4477 (60.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4477 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Age (≥75 y) | 2565 (34.6) | 880 (30.0) | 1685 (37.6) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1359 (18.3) | 427 (14.6) | 932 (20.8) | 0.002 |
| Stroke/TIA | 1022 (13.8) | 380 (13.0) | 642 (14.3) | 0.103 |
| CHADS2 score | ||||
| 0 | 1157 (15.6) | 1157 (39.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 2512 (33.9) | 967 (33.0) | 1545 (34.5) | |
| ≥2 | 3737 (50.5) | 805 (27.5) | 2932 (65.5) | |
| Mean | 1.7±1.2 | 1.0±1.0 | 2.1±1.1 | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score | ||||
| 0 | 487 (6.6) | 487 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 1147 (15.5) | 671 (22.9) | 476 (10.6) | |
| 2 | 1666 (22.5) | 758 (25.9) | 908 (20.3) | |
| ≥3 | 4106 (55.4) | 1013 (34.6) | 3093 (69.1) | |
| Mean | 2.8±1.6 | 2.0±1.4 | 3.3±1.5 | <0.001 |
| HAS‐BLED score, [n] | [7015] | [2766] | [4249] | |
| 0 | 1117 (15.9) | 603 (21.8) | 514 (12.1) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 2689 (38.3) | 1183 (42.8) | 1506 (35.4) | |
| 2 | 2140 (30.5) | 719 (26.0) | 1421 (33.4) | |
| ≥3 | 1069 (15.2) | 261 (9.4) | 808 (19.0) | |
| Mean | 1.5±1.0 | 1.3±0.9 | 1.6±1.0 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 126.0±16.2 | 120.1±14.8 | 129.8±15.9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 73.5±17.0 | 71.1±10.5 | 75.1±19.9 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate/min | 72.5±13.2 | 72.8±12.9 | 72.3±13.4 | 0.111 |
| Medications | ||||
| Warfarin | 6404 (86.5) | 2461 (84.0) | 3943 (88.1) | <0.001 |
| Dosage, mg/day | 2.9±1.2 | 2.9±1.2 | 2.8±1.1 | <0.001 |
| INR | ||||
| <1.6 | 1670 (26.1) | 674 (27.4) | 996 (25.3) | 0.366 |
| 1.6 to 1.99 | 2348 (36.7) | 879 (35.7) | 1469 (37.3) | |
| 2.0 to 2.59 | 1854 (29.0) | 704 (28.6) | 1150 (29.2) | |
| 2.6 to 2.99 | 363 (5.7) | 143 (5.8) | 220 (5.6) | |
| ≥3.0 | 169 (2.6) | 61 (2.5) | 108 (2.7) | |
| Mean | 1.91±0.49 | 1.90±0.51 | 1.91±0.48 | 0.427 |
| TTRb, % | 59.3±29.2 | 56.9±29.8 | 60.8±28.7 | <0.001 |
| [n=6064] | [n=2330] | [n=3734] | ||
| Antiplatelet | 1937 (26.2) | 659 (22.5) | 1278 (28.5) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 1675 (22.6) | 580 (19.8) | 1095 (24.5) | <0.001 |
| Others | 433 (5.8) | 129 (4.4) | 304 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin+antiplatelet | 1358 (18.3) | 417 (14.2) | 941 (21.0) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 5354 (72.3) | 1108 (37.8) | 4246 (94.8) | <0.001 |
| ARB/ACE‐I | 3934 (53.1) | 655 (22.4) | 3279 (73.2) | <0.001 |
| Others | 3545 (47.9) | 716 (24.4) | 2829 (63.2) | <0.001 |
Data are number of patients (%) or mean±SD. ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CHADS2, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 y, diabetes mellitus, and history of stroke or TIA; CHA2DS2‐VASc, additionally, vascular disease (coronary artery disease), age 65 to 74 y, and female sex; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; HAS‐BLED, hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg), abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR (episodes of INR ≥3.5), elderly (age >65 y), drugs (use of antiplatelets)/alcohol concomitantly; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TTR, time in therapeutic range.
Comparison between 2 groups with and without hypertension.
Target INR was 2.0 to 3.0 (<70 y) or 1.6 to 2.6 (≥70 y).