Table 2.
Baseline Patient Characteristics and Medications of Each Quartile
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P‐Value for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range of Systolic BP, mm Hg | <116 | 116 to 125 | 126 to 135 | ≥136 | |
| Number of patients | 1844 | 1820 | 1765 | 1977 | |
| Age, y | 68.9±10.6 | 68.5±10.3 | 69.8±9.8 | 70.8±9.1 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 1365 (74.0) | 1301 (71.5) | 1237 (70.1) | 1338 (67.7) | <0.001 |
| Type of AF | |||||
| Paroxysmal | 616 (33.4) | 713 (39.2) | 705 (39.9) | 801 (40.5) | <0.001 |
| Persistent | 286 (15.5) | 268 (14.7) | 264 (15.0) | 263 (13.3) | |
| Permanent | 942 (51.1) | 839 (46.1) | 796 (45.1) | 913 (46.2) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 197 (10.7) | 198 (10.9) | 204 (11.6) | 182 (9.2) | 0.208 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 253 (13.7) | 154 (8.5) | 116 (6.6) | 111 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| HCM | 84 (4.6) | 63 (3.5) | 58 (3.3) | 59 (3.0) | 0.011 |
| DCM | 169 (9.2) | 91 (5.0) | 58 (3.3) | 52 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Congenital heart disease | 37 (2.0) | 19 (1.0) | 13 (0.7) | 23 (1.2) | 0.015 |
| COPD | 46 (2.5) | 21 (1.2) | 31 (1.8) | 33 (1.7) | 0.172 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 40 (2.2) | 31 (1.7) | 29 (1.6) | 31 (1.6) | 0.172 |
| Risk factors for stroke | |||||
| Heart failure | 683 (37.0) | 495 (27.2) | 445 (25.2) | 432 (21.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 759 (41.2) | 785 (43.1) | 1144 (64.8) | 1556 (78.7) | <0.001 |
| Age (≥75 y) | 587 (31.8) | 630 (34.6) | 603 (34.2) | 745 (37.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 291 (15.8) | 324 (17.8) | 357 (20.2) | 387 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA | 262 (14.2) | 250 (13.7) | 253 (14.3) | 257 (13.0) | 0.376 |
| CHADS2 score | |||||
| 0 | 389 (21.1) | 344 (18.9) | 247 (14.0) | 177 (9.0) | 0.135 |
| 1 | 609 (33.0) | 586 (32.2) | 621 (35.2) | 696 (35.2) | |
| ≥2 | 846 (45.9) | 890 (48.9) | 897 (50.8) | 1104 (55.8) | |
| Mean | 1.5±1.2 | 1.6±1.3 | 1.7±1.2 | 1.8±1.2 | 0.367 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score | |||||
| 0 | 170 (9.2) | 148 (8.1) | 106 (6.0) | 63 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 329 (17.8) | 293 (16.1) | 269 (15.2) | 256 (12.9) | |
| 2 | 437 (23.7) | 409 (22.5) | 384 (21.8) | 436 (22.1) | |
| ≥3 | 908 (49.2) | 970 (53.3) | 1006 (57.0) | 1222 (61.8) | |
| Mean | 2.6±1.6 | 2.7±1.6 | 2.9±1.6 | 3.0±1.5 | <0.001 |
| HAS‐BLED score [n] | [1764] | [1708] | [1664] | [1879] | |
| 0 | 360 (20.4) | 360 (21.1) | 311 (18.7) | 86 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 794 (45.0) | 738 (43.2) | 734 (44.1) | 423 (22.5) | |
| 2 | 457 (25.9) | 441 (25.8) | 465 (27.9) | 777 (23.3) | |
| ≥3 | 153 (8.7) | 169 (9.9) | 154 (9.3) | 593 (31.6) | |
| Mean | 1.2±0.9 | 1.3±0.9 | 1.3±0.9 | 2.1±1.0 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 105.8±7.2 | 120.7±2.6 | 130.1±2.7 | 146.0±9.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 65.2±19.4 | 71.5±9.0 | 76.4±21.3 | 80.6±11.1 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate/min | 72.3±13.1 | 72.4±13.4 | 72.1±12.7 | 73.0±13.5 | 0.127 |
| Medications | |||||
| Warfarin | 1624 (88.1) | 1562 (85.8) | 1517 (85.9) | 1701 (86.0) | 0.094 |
| Dosage, mg/day | 2.8±1.2 | 2.9±1.2 | 2.9±1.2 | 2.9±1.2 | 0.004 |
| INR | |||||
| <1.6 | 397 (24.4) | 401 (25.7) | 394 (26.0) | 478 (28.1) | 0.002 |
| 1.6 to 1.99 | 589 (36.3) | 571 (36.6) | 544 (35.9) | 644 (37.9) | |
| 2.0 to 2.59 | 487 (30.0) | 478 (30.6) | 441 (29.1) | 448 (26.3) | |
| 2.6 to 2.99 | 111 (6.8) | 74 (4.7) | 92 (6.1) | 86 (5.1) | |
| ≥3.0 | 40 (2.5) | 38 (2.4) | 46 (3.0) | 45 (2.6) | |
| Mean | 1.89±0.52 | 1.91±0.48 | 1.91±0.49 | 1.88±0.49 | 0.001 |
| TTRa, % | 58.3±28.7 | 59.0±29.5 | 60.2±29.5 | 59.9±29.1 | 0.042 |
| [n=1544] | [n=1488] | [n=1439] | [n=1593] | ||
| Antiplatelet | 432 (23.4) | 485 (26.6) | 472 (26.7) | 548 (27.7) | 0.004 |
| Aspirin | 376 (20.9) | 431 (23.7) | 409 (23.2) | 449 (22.7) | 0.273 |
| Others | 76 (4.1) | 106 (5.8) | 118 (6.7) | 138 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin+antiplatelet | 297 (16.1) | 298 (16.4) | 331 (18.8) | 385 (19.5) | 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 1239 (67.2) | 1237 (68.0) | 1303 (73.8) | 1575 (79.7) | <0.001 |
| ARB/ACE‐I | 867 (47.0) | 882 (48.5) | 958 (54.3) | 1227 (62.1) | <0.001 |
| Others | 819 (44.4) | 544 (46.4) | 866 (49.1) | 1016 (51.4) | <0.001 |
Data are number of patients (%) or mean±SD. ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CHADS2, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 y, diabetes mellitus, and history of stroke or TIA; CHA2DS2‐VASc, additionally, vascular disease (coronary artery disease), age 65 to 74 y, and female sex; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; HAS‐BLED, hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg), abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR (episodes of INR ≥3.5), elderly (age >65 y), drugs (use of antiplatelets)/alcohol concomitantly; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TTR, time in therapeutic range.
Target INR was 2.0 to 3.0 (<70 y) or 1.6 to 2.6 (≥70 y).