TABLE 2.
Results From the Meta-analysis
| Comparison | Studies | Participants | Statistical Method | ESE | P | I2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working memory | 2 | 95 | Mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | 16.46 (–14.22 to 47.13) | .12 | 100 |
| Processing speed | 2 | 96 | Mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | 9.36 (3.73 to 14.98) | .00* | 0 |
| Executive function | 4 | 400 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | 3.68 (1.35 to 6.02) | .00* | 98 |
| Visual memory | 4 | 361 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | 2.71 (–2.31 to 7.74) | .29 | 99 |
| Visual-spatial ability | 5 | 433 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | 0.20 (–1.56 to 1.97) | .82 | 98 |
| Attention | 4 | 402 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.51 (–1.15 to 0.13) | .12 | 84 |
| Language | 2 | 70 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | −0.85 (–2.18 to 0.48) | .21 | 85 |
| General intellectual functioning | 4 | 548 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | −1.22 (–2.53 to 0.10) | .07 | 97 |
| Motor coordination | 4 | 361 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | −1.99 (–4.50 to 0.52) | .12 | 98 |
| Verbal memory | 2 | 112 | Standard mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) | −6.80 (–19.43 to 5.83) | .29 | 98 |
Domains ranked in order of largest to smallest effect size. IV, inverse variance.
*
P = .05.