TABLE 2.
OLS, Fixed Effects, and IV Multivariable Models Examining the Association of Childcare Attendance and BMI Z Scores: Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, Birth Cohort
| OLS Multivariable Regression Analysisa | Fixed Effects Model Analysisa,b | First Stage IV Analysis | IV Analysisa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Childcare | 0.08 (0.03)* | 0.02 (0.02) | 1.12 (0.76) | |
| Close relative (first stage IV analysis)c | 0.04 (0.01) | |||
| Age, mo | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.02) |
| Boys | 0.07 (0.03)* | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.03) |
| SES | −0.06 (0.01) | −0.07 (0.02)* | 0.06 (0.01) | −0.13 (0.05)* |
| Race | ||||
| African-American | 0.12 (0.05)* | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.12) |
| Hispanic | 0.19 (0.04)* | 0.12 (0.04)* | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.05)* |
| Asian | −0.18 (0.05)* | −0.15 (0.04)* | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.15 (0.06)* |
| Other | 0.19 (0.05)* | 0.14 (0.05)* | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.06)* |
| Maternal age, y | 0.00 (0.003) | 0.000 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.003) |
| Unsafe neighborhood | 0.04 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.03)* | 0.10 (0.08) |
| Two-parent household | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.17 (0.02)* | 0.13 (0.14) |
| Maternal weight, kg | 0.002 (0.00)* | 0.002 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.002 (0.001)* |
a
Confounders in all models included child age, race/ethnicity, sex, maternal age, maternal weight (in kg), household structure, family SES, and neighborhood safety.
b
Model also controlled for other time varying covariates: employment status, change in residence, household structure, and SES for each wave of data.
c
Close relative variable only included in IV analysis.
*
P < .05.