Table 1.

Long-term results after balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Authors/ref.	Number of subjects	Age at valvuloplasty (mean ± SD)	Duration of follow-up (mean ± SD)	Country	Long-term results
Hawkins et al.¹⁷	60	7.3 ± 6 years	1–110 months	USA	38% required surgery at 44 ± 37 months after BAV (AI in 13 and AS in 10). Actuarial freedom from surgical intervention was 70% ± 6% at 5 years and 51% ± 12% at 9 years.
Kuhn et al.¹⁸	22		61 ± 23 months.	USA	45% required re-intervention after BAV (AI in 3 and AS in 7). Freedom from re-intervention was 75% at 100 months.
Galal et al.¹⁰	26	6 weeks to 20 years	3–9 years (median 6 years)	Saudi Arabia and USA	23% had restenosis and underwent surgical (4 patients) or repeat BAV (2 patients). Actuarial intervention-free rates at 5 and 9 years were 76% and 76% respectively.
Demkow et al.¹⁹	55	3.5–23 years (11.7 ± 4.5)	62 ± 30 months	Poland	33.3% re-intervention 51 ± 24 months after BAV (AI in 6 and AS in 5). Actuarial freedom from re-intervention at 6 and 8 years was 61% and 56% respectively.
Jindal et al.²⁰	74	1–20 years	5.5 ± 2.9 years	India	14% had re-intervention. Actuarial intervention-free rates at 5, 7 and 12 years were 92.9%, 84.4% and 60%, respectively.
Reich et al.²¹	269	0–23 years (median 8 months)	Median 5.3 years	Czech Republic	20.1% needed surgery. Valvuloplasty failure occurred in 41.6%. Probability of surgery-free survival was 50% at 14.4 years after BAV
Fratz et al.²²	120	5.8 ± 5.9 years^a	Up to 17.5 years	Germany	12% had repeat BAV for recurrent AS and 23% had surgery for AI. Freedom from aortic valve surgery at 10 years was 59%.
Brown et al.²³	509	Median = 2.4 years (1 day to 40.5 years)	Median 9.3 years	USA	23% had repeat BAV, 13% had aortic valve repair and 23% had aortic valve replacement. Freedom from aortic valve replacement was 90% at 5 years, 79% at 10 years, and 53% at 20 years.
Maskatia et al.²⁴	272	1 day to 30.5 years	5.8 ± 6.7 years	USA	15% had repeat valvuloplasty (balloon or surgical); 15% had aortic valve replacement; 9% had heart transplantation or death.
Rossi et al.²⁵	31	2–92 days	Mean 81 months	Brazil	24% patients required surgery during follow-up. Survival free from aortic valve surgery was 66% at 63 months and 50% at 80 months.
Soulatges et al.²⁶	93	Mean 2.4 years (1 day to 18 years)	11.4 ± 7 years	Belgium	Freedom from surgery at 5, 10, and 20 years was 82%, 72%, and 66%, respectively.

AI, aortic insufficiency; AS, aortic stenosis; BAV, balloon aortic valvuloplasty; SD, standard deviation.

Babies <1 month were excluded from the table.