Table 1.

Studies investigating the effect of starches on exercise performance.

Study	Starch type	Ingestion Timing	Protocol	Performance
Goodpaster et al.40	Waxy (100% amylopectin), or resistant (100% amylose)	30 min before exercise	60 min cycling at 75% ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O2max, 30 min TT	6.3% improved performance with waxy corn
Jozsi et al.41	Waxy (100% amylopectin) or resistant (100% amylose)	Post-exercise consumption over 12 h	60 min cycling at 75% ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O2max, 6 × 1 min at 125% ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O2max, 24 h rest, 30 min TT	No effect
Roberts et al.42	Waxy (95% amylopectin), hydrothermally modified	30 min before exercise	150 min cycling at 70% ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O2max, TTE at 100% ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O2max	No effect
Stephens et al.43	Low and high molecular weight modified corn starches	Post-exercise feeding 2 h prior to second bout	TTE cycling at 73% ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O2max, 2 h rest, 15 min TT	2.3% improved TT performance with high molecular modified starches

Notes: TTE, time to exhaustion; TT, time trial; ${\displaystyle \stackrel{\cdot }{V}}$ O₂max, maximal O₂ consumption.