Table 3.
Design/Intervention, Childbirth Self-Efficacy Outcomes by phase of Childbearing Cycle: Antepartum, Intrapartum, and Postpartum
| First author | Design / Intervention | Antepartum Outcomes | Intrapartum Outcomes | Postpartum Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schwartz 2015 | Secondary analysis; cross-sectional, descriptive | self-efficacy higher among multiparous women | ||
| Byrne 2014 | Single arm pilot; Repeated measures/Mindfulness-Based Childbirth Education | 1 | ||
| Larsen 2012 | Quasi experimental/Childbirth education | 1 | ||
| Hui Choi 2012 | Cross-sectional, descriptive | 2 (increased psychosocial adaptation to pregnancy) | ||
| Goutoudier 2012 | Prospective longitudinal | 4 (self-efficacy measured 2–3 days postpartum did not predict PTSD at 6 weeks postpartum) | ||
| Rhamipavar 2012 | RCT / Childbirth educational software | 1 | ||
| Gau 2011 | RCT / Antepartum birth ball antepartum exercise classes; Intrapartum encouragement to use birth ball | 1 | 1 2 (lower active labor pain scores) |
|
| Kennedy 2011 | RCT / Centering Pregnancy group prenatal care | 3 | ||
| Sun 2011 | Quasi-experimental / Prenatal yoga | 2 (decreased end of pregnancy discomforts) | 1 (increased childbirth self-efficacy in active first and second stage labor) | |
| Svensson 2009 | RCT / Childbirth education | 1 | 2 (increased parenting self-efficacy and knowledge) | |
| Ip 2009 | RCT / Childbirth education | 2 (lower active labor pain and suffering) 4 (did not predict pain of transition) |
||
| Berentson-Shaw 2009 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (lower active labor suffering and higher satisfaction with birth) | ||
| Williams 2008 | Longitudinal descriptive | 4 (not associated with women’s intentions to use pain medication) | ||
| Christiaens 2007 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (higher satisfaction with self, midwife, and physician related aspects of birth) | ||
| Beebe 2007 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (decreased anxiety) | 4 (not associated with early labor pain scores) | |
| Seiber 2006 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (not associated with stronger identification with motherhood role) | ||
| Soet 2003 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (decreased symptoms post-traumatic stress disorder) | ||
| Larsen 2001 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (lower active labor pain and suffering) 4 (did not predict transition pain) |
||
| Stockman 2001 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (lower latent and active labor pain and suffering) 4 (not associated with length of labor or rates of anesthesia use) |
||
| Slade 2000 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (greater intention to avoid labor pain medication) | ||
| Lowe 2000 | Descriptive cross-sectional | 2 (decreased fear of labor) | ||
| Dilks 1997 | Descriptive cross-sectional | 2 (greater VBAC intention) | ||
| Manning 1983 | Longitudinal descriptive | 2 (greater capacity to cope with active labor and less suffering in active labor) |
Note. 1 = evidence that intervention significantly increased childbirth self-efficacy scores; 2 = evidence that increased prenatal childbirth self-efficacy scores significantly associated with improved outcomes; 3 = no evidence that intervention increased childbirth self-efficacy scores; 4 = no evidence that increased prenatal childbirth self-efficacy scores associated with improved outcomes; PTSD = post traumatic stress disorder; RCT = randomized controlled trial; VBAC = vaginal birth after cesarean.