Simulated traction forces during front contraction using the bio-chemo-mechanical model for cell migration. (A,D) The traction forces for cells with high (kc = 100 nN/μm, A) and low cellular elasticity (kc = 1 nN/μm, D), at the front (red) and adjacent microposts (black). (B,E) Traction forces at the rear for cells with high (B) and low (D) elasticity. (C,F) Traction forces at the middle microposts for cells with high (C) and low (F) elasticity. Note that there is a significant change in force at the middle and rear microposts in the case of high kc, whereas there are negligible changes in force for microposts at the middle and rear in the case of low kc.