Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics by Incarceration History: National Survey of American Life.
| Total
|
Any Incarceration
|
Juvenile Incarceration
|
Jailed
|
Imprisoned
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Column Percentage | N | Column Percentage | N | Column Percentage | N | Column Percentage | N | Column Percentage | |
| Total | 5,189 | 100.0 | 672 | 100.0 | 126 | 100.0 | 515 | 100.0 | 104 | 100.0 |
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Race/ancestry | ||||||||||
| African American | 3,570 | 93.0 | 531 | 94.8 | 95 | 93.4 | 412 | 95.4 | 85 | 95.1 |
| Afro Carribbean | 1,438 | 6.0 | 118 | 4.8 | 24 | 5.8 | 87 | 4.3 | 14 | 4.4 |
| All other black Hispanic | 181 | 0.9 | 23 | 0.4 | 7 | 0.8 | 16 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.5 |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 1,913, | 44.5 | 443 | 70.9 | 81 | 69.4 | 331 | 70.0 | 82 | 78.7 |
| Female | 3276 | 55.5 | 229 | 29.1 | 45 | 30.6 | 184 | 30.0 | 22 | 21.3 |
| Age (mean, SD) | 42.18 | .49 | 39.80 | .77 | 36.08 | 1.45 | 40.32 | .97 | 39.85 | 1.05 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Income-to-needs ratio (mean, SD) | 2.69 | .09 | 2.28 | .13 | 2.53 | .37 | 2.22 | .12 | 1.84 | .23 |
| Years of education | ||||||||||
| 0–11 years | 1,225 | 24.0 | 241 | 38.7 | 50 | 48.4 | 180 | 36.8 | 51 | 50.7 |
| 12 years | 1,842 | 37.3 | 235 | 34.6 | 39 | 28.1 | 189 | 36.5 | 28 | 27.7 |
| 13–15 years | 1,252 | 24.0 | 136 | 19.0 | 23 | 15.0 | 100 | 18.9 | 21 | 17.6 |
| >16 years | 870 | 14.7 | 60 | 7.7 | 14 | 8.5 | 46 | 7.8 | 4 | 4.0 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | ||||||||||
| Police station | 4,054 | 62.9 | 472 | 68.7 | 87 | 68.9 | 362 | 68.0 | 68 | 63.5 |
| Crime high | 1,961 | 38.6 | 227 | 24.6 | 47 | 35.2 | 154 | 27.0 | 37 | 39.8 |
| Comorbid mental health | ||||||||||
| Substance use | ||||||||||
| Lifetime alcohol dependence | 140 | 3.6 | 70 | 10.9 | 14 | 12.4 | 46 | 9.4 | 20 | 17.5 |
| Past 12 months alcohol dependence | 46 | 1.2 | 25 | 4.2 | 5 | 4.4 | 15 | 3.2 | 10 | 10.3 |
| Lifetime drug dependence | 105 | 2.5 | 52 | 8.3 | 12 | 11.0 | 36 | 7.5 | 16 | 17.3 |
| Past 12 months drug dependence | 26 | .6 | 12 | 1.6 | 3 | 2.4 | 8 | 1.2 | 4 | 4.8 |
| Major depressive disorder (MDD) | ||||||||||
| Lifetime MDD | 513 | 10.1 | 86 | 12.8 | 18 | 14.4 | 65 | 12.7 | 16 | 14.2 |
| Past 12 months MDD | 264 | 5.3 | 53 | 7.5 | 13 | 10.3 | 38 | 6.9 | 9 | 6.5 |
| Trauma and PTSD | ||||||||||
| Frequency of trauma | ||||||||||
| No traumatic event | 1,050 | 19.4 | 53 | 7.2 | 8 | 6.9 | 38 | 6.4 | 8 | 6.4 |
| 1 traumatic event | 648 | 12.0 | 46 | 6.7 | 6 | 3.4 | 39 | 7.2 | 7 | 6.6 |
| 1 chronic traumatic event | 297 | 5.7 | 24 | 3.5 | 1 | .2 | 21 | 4.4 | 2 | 1.0 |
| 2–3 traumatic events | 1,540 | 28.4 | 194 | 27.4 | 28 | 19.9 | 151 | 28.7 | 26 | 21.3 |
| ≥ 4 traumatic events | 1,654 | 34.5 | 355 | 55.3 | 83 | 69.6 | 266 | 53.3 | 61 | 64.7 |
| Type of trauma | ||||||||||
| General trauma | 4,095 | 80.0 | 615 | 92.1 | 118 | 93.1 | 474 | 92.8 | 95 | 92.6 |
| War-related trauma | 575 | 12.0 | 120 | 19.0 | 27 | 22.1 | 84 | 18.0 | 28 | 25.4 |
| Perpetration trauma | 199 | 4.7 | 81 | 12.9 | 24 | 19.1 | 61 | 12.4 | 17 | 17.4 |
| PTSD | ||||||||||
| Lifetime PTSD | 415 | 8.7 | 84 | 14.4 | 23 | 25.0 | 61 | 12.9 | 13 | 16.3 |
| Past 12 months PTSD | 176 | 3.7 | 40 | 6.2 | 9 | 8.0 | 30 | 6.0 | 3 | 3.0 |
| Contact with the criminal justice system | ||||||||||
| Arrest history | 1,412 | 33.6 | 645 | 95.4 | 110 | 87.8 | 505 | 97.4 | 103 | 98.2 |
| Incarceration history | ||||||||||
| Juvenile incarceration | 126 | 3.2 | 126 | 19.8 | — | — | 38 | 7.7 | 14 | 13.2 |
| Jailed | 515 | 12.3 | 515 | 75.8 | 38 | 29.3 | — | — | 34 | 62.8 |
| Imprisoned | 104 | 2.6 | 104 | 16.4 | 14 | 10.9 | 34 | 8.0 | — | — |
Note. n = unadjusted N; Column Percent = weighted percentage. juvenile incarceration comprises detention center or reform school. PTSD percentages are relative to participants with at least one traumatic experience. Incarceration outcomes are not mutually exclusive.