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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Oct 1;73(10):1015–1022. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1728

Table 4. Offspring violent offending in relation to having at least 1 parent affected by a specific psychiatric diagnosis, by exposure to the specific diagnosis only or additionally to other diagnoses.

Parental psychiatric diagnosis or suicide attempt Exposure
No. IRR (95% CI) a
Specific diagnosis only b Specific diagnosis in addition to other parental disorders Specific diagnosis only b Specific diagnosis in addition to other parental disorders
Any mental disorders 11222c 2229d 2.12 (2.07-2.16)c 3.96 (3.79-4.13)d
Organic mental disorders 127 692 1.45 (1.21-1.71) 2.48 (2.30-2.67)
  Dementia in Alzheimer disease 15 54 0.86 (0.50-1.37) 1.69 (1.28-2.19)
  Vascular dementia 13 36 1.23 (0.67-2.02) 2.72 (1.93-3.71)
Any substance use disorders 1356 5288 2.60 (2.46-2.74) 3.28 (3.19-3.37)
  Alcohol misuse 1148 4464 2.47 (2.33-2.62) 3.23 (3.13-3.33)
  Cannabis misuse 33 531 4.14 (2.88-5.71) 4.82 (4.42-5.24)
Broadly-defined schizophrenia e 295 1488 1.52 (1.36-1.70) 2.36 (2.24-2.48)
  Narrowly-defined schizophrenia f 92 488 1.67 (1.35-2.03) 2.57 (2.35-2.81)
  Schizoaffective disorder 5 164 0.86 (0.31-1.85) 1.89 (1.62-2.20)
Mood disorders 776 3185 1.20 (1.12-1.29) 2.20 (2.12-2.28)
  Bipolar disorder 48 501 0.89 (0.66-1.17) 1.73 (1.58-1.88)
  Recurrent depressive disorder 0 1215 1.81 (1.71-1.91)
  Single and recurrent depressive disorders 485 2905 1.26 (1.15-1.38) 2.04 (1.97-2.12)
Anxiety and somatoform disorders 1870 5151 2.00 (1.91-2.10) 2.84 (2.76-2.93)
  Obsessive-compulsive disorder 13 62 1.01 (0.56-1.67) 1.78 (1.37-2.26)
Specific personality disorders 745 4393 2.08 (1.94-2.24) 2.68 (2.60-2.77)
  Borderline type personality disorder 22 346 1.43 (0.91-2.12) 2.98 (2.68-3.31)
  Antisocial personality disorder 88 1066 3.47 (2.80-4.25) 4.24 (3.99-4.51)
Attempted suicide 942g 2229d 3.35 (3.13-3.57)g 3.96 (3.79-4.13)d

Abbreviations: ellipses, not applicable; IRR, incidence rate ratio.

a

IRRs adjusted for offspring sex and age, calendar year, and the interactions between these variables. Reference group: neither parent has a mental illness diagnosis or a history of suicide attempt.

b

Not exposed to other parental mental disorders in the defined full spectrum except for the disorder of interest.

c

Offspring with violent offending with a history of any parental mental disorder but no history of parental suicide attempt.

d

Offspring with violent offending with a history of parental mental disorder and parental suicide attempt.

e

Schizophrenia and related disorders.

f

Schizophrenia only.

g

Offspring with violent offending with a history of parental suicide attempt but no history of parental mental disorder.