Table 1.

Fasting plasma substrate and hormone concentrations and rates of TGD and EGP during the euglycemic insulin clamp

	Baseline	Placebo treatment	P value	Baseline	Dapagliflozin treatment	P value
Fasting plasma
Glucose (mg/dL)	172 ± 8	160 ± 9	NS	167 ± 13	128 ± 6	<0.01
Insulin (μU/mL)	14 ± 9	13 ± 5	NS	12 ± 3	6 ± 2	<0.01
Glucagon (pg/mL)	72 ± 17	79 ± 11	NS	77 ± 8	94 ± 13	<0.05
Glucagon-to-insulin ratio	10 ± 2	12 ± 3	NS	14 ± 5	35 ± 11	<0.01
FFA (μmol/L)	0.46 ± 0.04	0.42 ± 0.04	NS	0.50 ± 0.04	0.46 ± 0.04	NS
Ketones (mmol/L)
Fasting	0.11 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.02	NS	0.05 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.05	<0.001
Clamp	0.08 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	NS	0.06 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	NS
TGD/SSPI (mg/kg ⋅ min) per μU/mL	3.18 ± 0.51	3.57 ± 0.51	NS	3.85 ± 0.71	5.22 ± 0.56	<0.01
EGP (mg/kg ⋅ min)
Fasting	2.02 ± 0.08	1.99 ± 0.09	NS	1.97 ± 0.134	2.43 ± 0.13	<0.01
Clamp	0.48 ± 0.16	0.29 ± 0.12	NS	0.22 ± 0.08	0.34 ± 0.13	NS
Urinary glucose excretion (g/24 h)	1.38 ± 0.74	1.90 ± 0.78	NS	1.95 ± 0.58	82.5 ± 10.5	<0.001

SSPI, steady-state plasma insulin concentration.