Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for the associations of GDM risk with quartiles of IGF-I, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 concentrations and molar ratio of IGF-I to IGFBP-3 at gestational weeks 10–14 and 15–26, the NICHD Fetal Growth Study–Singletons cohort
| Case subjects (n) | Control subjects (n) | Crude model | Multivariable model* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational weeks 10–14† | ||||
| IGF-I (ng/mL) | ||||
| Q1: 60.0–125.8‡ | 15 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 126.0–156.5 | 29 | 53 | 2.10 (0.96, 4.59) | 1.94 (0.77, 4.84) |
| Q3: 156.6–194.5 | 24 | 54 | 1.74 (0.80, 3.78) | 2.20 (0.92, 5.28) |
| Q4: 194.6–378.3 | 36 | 53 | 2.87 (1.28, 6.42) | 2.93 (1.18, 7.30) |
| P for trend | 0.018 | 0.023 | ||
| Per SD increment | 1.37 (1.04, 1.81) | 1.37 (1.01, 1.86) | ||
| IGFBP-2 (ng/mL) | ||||
| Q1: 37.3–82.5 | 58 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 82.6–105.2 | 20 | 53 | 0.24 (0.11, 0.51) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.55) |
| Q3: 105.8–145.8 | 19 | 54 | 0.21 (0.09, 0.46) | 0.14 (0.05, 0.38) |
| Q4: 146.0–311.7 | 7 | 53 | 0.05 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.16) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Per SD increment | 0.40 (0.26, 0.60) | 0.42 (0.26, 0.67) | ||
| IGFBP-3 (ng/mL) | ||||
| Q1: 2,729.0–3,876.4 | 19 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 3,876.5–4,422.7 | 23 | 53 | 1.29 (0.62, 2.68) | 1.06 (0.46, 2.42) |
| Q3: 4,434.2–4,970.1 | 34 | 54 | 1.93 (0.94, 3.94) | 1.91 (0.84, 4.37) |
| Q4: 4,974.8–7,426.5 | 28 | 53 | 1.76 (0.72, 4.26) | 1.66 (0.61, 4.52) |
| P for trend | 0.122 | 0.158 | ||
| Per SD increment | 1.31 (0.93, 1.84) | 1.35 (0.94, 1.95) | ||
| Molar ratio of IGF-I to IGFBP-3 | ||||
| Q1: 0.035–0.112 | 13 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 0.113–0.141 | 32 | 53 | 2.85 (1.27, 6.42) | 3.26 (1.26, 8.45) |
| Q3: 0.143–0.175 | 28 | 54 | 2.72 (1.12, 6.58) | 2.69 (0.97, 7.46) |
| Q4: 0.178–0.355 | 31 | 53 | 3.44 (1.33, 8.88) | 3.31 (1.10, 9.98) |
| P for trend | 0.02 | 0.067 | ||
| Per SD increment | 1.27 (0.94, 1.72) | 1.24 (0.88, 1.75) | ||
| Gestational weeks 15–26† | ||||
| IGF-I (ng/mL) | ||||
| Q1: 8.0–134.4 | 11 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 135.7–169.6 | 19 | 53 | 1.88 (0.80, 4.46) | 2.19 (0.85, 5.63) |
| Q3: 169.8–216.0 | 27 | 54 | 3.06 (1.27, 7.38) | 4.35 (1.55, 12.2) |
| Q4: 218.6–428.7 | 37 | 53 | 5.39 (2.13, 13.6) | 5.53 (1.94, 15.8) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| Per SD increment | 1.99 (1.41, 2.82) | 2.19 (1.48, 3.23) | ||
| IGFBP-2 (ng/mL) | ||||
| Q1: 37.9–71.6 | 39 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 73.0–96.2 | 26 | 53 | 0.61 (0.31, 1.23) | 0.55 (0.23, 1.32) |
| Q3: 96.4–127.5 | 25 | 54 | 0.54 (0.26, 1.11) | 0.64 (0.27, 1.56) |
| Q4: 128.1–288.7 | 4 | 53 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.25) | 0.03 (0.001, 0.23) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Per SD increment | 0.40 (0.26, 0.60) | 0.34 (0.20, 0.59) | ||
| IGFBP-3 (ng/mL) | ||||
| Q1: 2,575.7–3,977.1 | 18 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 3,981.2–4,451.1 | 19 | 53 | 1.15 (0.54, 2.47) | 1.11 (0.47, 2.61) |
| Q3: 4,468.8–5,006.0 | 29 | 54 | 1.89 (0.88, 4.05) | 2.05 (0.84, 4.99) |
| Q4: 5,031.5–7,854.6 | 28 | 53 | 2.24 (0.94, 5.33) | 2.27 (0.86, 6.00) |
| P for trend | 0.050 | 0.067 | ||
| Per SD increment | 1.26 (0.89, 1.79) | 1.34 (0.90, 1.99) | ||
| Molar ratio of IGF-I to IGFBP-3 | ||||
| Q1: 0.007–0.120 | 11 | 54 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2: 0.120–0.154 | 22 | 53 | 2.63 (1.10, 6.24) | 3.27 (1.22, 8.74) |
| Q3: 0.155–0.193 | 24 | 54 | 3.48 (1.32, 9.15) | 3.61 (1.25, 10.4) |
| Q4: 0.194–0.427 | 37 | 53 | 8.31 (2.90, 23.8) | 10.5 (3.26, 34.1) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Per SD increment | 2.23 (1.49, 3.33) | 2.33 (1.51, 3.60) |
Q, quartile.
*Adjusted for maternal age (years), gestational age at blood collection (weeks), family history of diabetes (yes/no), and prepregnancy BMI (<24.9, 25.0–25.9, 30.0–34.9, or 35.0–44.9 kg/m2).
†Timing of blood sample collection all preceded the diagnosis of GDM.
‡Range of biomarker concentrations within each quartile among control subjects without GDM.