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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 15.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2016 Feb 8;138(10):2383–2395. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29981

Table 4.

Relative risk of cancer by menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) according to trajectories of body shape in women (Nurses’ Health Study)a

Lean-stable Lean-moderate increase Lean-marked increase Medium-stable Heavy-stable/increase P for interactionb
Total cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=6,834) 1 (reference) 1.03 (0.96–1.12) 1.10 (1.02–1.20) 1.04 (0.97–1.12) 1.06 (0.97–1.17) <0.001
 Never used MHT (N=4,594) 1 (reference) 1.12 (1.02–1.23) 1.26 (1.14–1.39)e 1.04 (0.94–1.14) 1.27 (1.14–1.42)e
Obesity-related cancerg
 Ever used MHT (N=3,776) 1 (reference) 1.10 (0.99–1.21) 1.25 (1.12–1.39) 1.01 (0.92–1.12) 1.12 (0.98–1.27) <0.001
 Never used MHT (N=2,606) 1 (reference) 1.32 (1.15–1.51)c 1.64 (1.43–1.87)e 1.07 (0.93–1.23) 1.57 (1.35–1.82)e
Colorectal cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=572) 1 (reference) 0.95 (0.73–1.24) 1.14 (0.86–1.51) 1.00 (0.78–1.28) 1.45 (1.07–1.97) 0.92
 Never used MHT (N=556) 1 (reference) 0.97 (0.73–1.29) 1.30 (0.98–1.72) 1.03 (0.78–1.35) 1.36 (0.99–1.85)
Pancreatic cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=196) 1 (reference) 1.06 (0.68–1.65) 1.11 (0.69–1.78) 0.97 (0.63–1.49) 1.23 (0.72–2.09) 0.79
 Never used MHT (N=127) 1 (reference) 1.43 (0.75–2.72) 1.85 (0.97–3.51) 1.54 (0.83–2.86) 1.76 (0.87–3.59)
Kidney cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=117) 1 (reference) 0.92 (0.50–1.69) 1.77 (0.99–3.16) 0.91 (0.51–1.61) 1.53 (0.78–3.00) 0.36
 Never used MHT (N=94) 1 (reference) 2.20 (0.95–5.13) 2.38 (1.02–5.55) 1.48 (0.62–3.54) 2.96 (1.24–7.10)
Postmenopausal breast cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=2,137) 1 (reference) 1.25 (1.10–1.43) 1.33 (1.15–1.54) 1.04 (0.91–1.18) 0.98 (0.82–1.17) 0.17
 Never used MHT (N=1,307) 1 (reference) 1.41 (1.17–1.70) 1.58 (1.31–1.91) 1.09 (0.90–1.32) 1.36 (1.09–1.68)c
Endometrial cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=390) 1 (reference) 0.77 (0.56–1.06) 0.93 (0.66–1.29) 0.87 (0.65–1.17) 1.41 (1.00–1.99) <0.001
 Never used MHT (N=273) 1 (reference) 2.19 (1.23–3.90)e 4.50 (2.59–7.79)f 1.42 (0.78–2.59) 5.25 (2.99–9.23)f
Ovarian cancer
 Ever used MHT (N=297) 1 (reference) 0.84 (0.58–1.21) 0.91 (0.62–1.35) 1.11 (0.80–1.53) 0.85 (0.53–1.35) 0.008
 Never used MHT (N=178) 1 (reference) 0.91 (0.58–1.41) 0.92 (0.58–1.45) 0.49 (0.30–0.80)d 0.79 (0.46–1.34)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.

a

Follow-up started at age 62. RRs were estimated from multivariable Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for the same set of covariates as in Table 1.

b

Global likelihood ratio test with 4 degrees of freedom was used to compare the model with the product terms between MHT use (binary: ever vs. never use) and the trajectory groups (indicator variables for the 4 non-reference groups) to the model without these terms.

c

P for interaction≤0.05, >0.01 by individual Wald test for each of the non-reference trajectory groups. A product term was created by multiplying the binary variable for each of the trajectory groups (1, non-reference group under test, 0, reference group) and the binary MHT variable (ever vs. never).

d

P for interaction≤0.01, >0.001 by individual Wald test.

e

P for interaction≤0.001, >0.0001 by individual Wald test.

f

P for interaction≤0.0001 by individual Wald test.

g

Including cancers of the colorectum, esophagus (adenocarcinoma only), pancreas, kidney, breast (postmenopause), endometrium, ovaries, liver, and gallbladder.