Table 2.
Prevalence of morningness–eveningness categories for participant sociodemographic and cardiometabolic characteristics.
| Total sample | Morning N = 119 110 (27.1%)
|
Intermediate type
|
Evening N = 39 557 (9.0%)
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| More morning than evening N = 156 149 (35.5%)
|
More evening than morning N = 125 117 (28.4%)
|
|||
| n (XX, xx) | n (XX, xx) | n (XX, xx) | n (XX, xx) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age^ | ||||
| <50 | 23 060 (19.4, 5.2) | 34 443 (22.1, 7.8) | 33 568 (26.8, 7.6) | 11 878 (30.0, 2.7) |
| 50–69 | 95 427 (80.1, 21.7) | 120 939 (77.5, 27.5) | 90 980 (72.7, 20.7) | 27 504 (69.5, 6.3) |
| ≥70 | 623 (0.5, 0.1) | 767 (0.5, 0.2) | 569 (0.5, 0.1) | 175 (0.4, 0.04) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 67 296 (56.5, 15.3) | 87 647 (56.1, 19.9) | 69 035 (55.2, 15.7) | 21 101 (53.3, 4.8) |
| Male | 51 814 (43.5, 11.8) | 68 502 (43.9, 15.6) | 56 082 (44.8, 12.6) | 18 456 (46.7, 4.2) |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Mixed/other | 1946 (1.6, 0.4) | 1783 (1.2, 0.4) | 1816 (1.5, 0.4) | 753 (1.9, 0.2) |
| Asian | 3564 (3.0, 0.8) | 2763 (1.8, 0.6) | 2385 (1.9, 0.5) | 885 (2.3, 0.2) |
| Black | 2287 (1.9, 0.5) | 1872 (1.2, 0.4) | 1779 (1.4, 0.4) | 663 (1.7, 0.2) |
| White | 110 941 (93.4, 25.3) | 142 292 (95.9, 34.0) | 118 798 (95.2, 27.1) | 37 075 (94.2, 8.5) |
| Employment | ||||
| Unemployed | 9227 (7.8, 2.1) | 10 931 (7.1, 2.5) | 11 092 (8.9, 2.5) | 4579 (11.7, 1.1) |
| Retired | 42 586 (36.1, 9.8) | 54 154 (34.9, 12.4) | 38 815 (31.3, 8.9) | 10 976 (28.0, 2.5) |
| Employed | 66 161 (56.1, 15.2) | 89 889 (58.0, 20.6) | 74 201 (59.8, 17.0) | 23 584 (60.3, 5.4) |
| Attended college | ||||
| Yes | 35 203 (38.2, 9.7) | 51 653 (39.6, 14.3) | 40 508 (38.6, 11.2) | 15 591 (45.4, 4.3) |
| No | 56 956 (61.8, 15.7) | 78 733 (60.4, 21.8) | 64 385 (61.4, 17.8) | 18 741 (54.6, 5.2) |
| Shift work | ||||
| Yes | 11 499 (9.8, 2.6) | 13 563 (8.8, 3.1) | 13 200 (10.7, 3.0) | 4811 (12.3, 1.1) |
| No | 106 288 (90.2, 24.4) | 141 277 (91.2, 32.4) | 110 762 (89.4, 25.4) | 34 270 (87.7, 7.9) |
| Night-shift work | ||||
| Yes | 5430 (4.6, 1.3) | 6363 (4.1, 1.5) | 6963 (5.6, 1.6) | 2939 (7.5, 0.7) |
| No | 112 440 (95.4, 25.8) | 148 545 (95.9, 34.1) | 117 086 (94.4, 26.9) | 36 170 (92.5, 8.3) |
| Sleep behavior characteristics | ||||
| Sleep duration ^^ | ||||
| <5 h | 1647 (1.4, 0.4) | 1295 (0.8, 0.3) | 1113 (0.9, 0.3) | 636 (1.6, 0.1) |
| 6–7 h | 32 023 (26.9, 7.3) | 33 845 (21.7, 7.7) | 26 884 (21.5, 6.1) | 10 683 (27.0, 2.4) |
| 7–8 h | 77 126 (64.8, 17.5) | 109 841 (70.3, 25.0) | 86 596 (69.2, 19.7) | 24 351 (61.6, 5.5) |
| >9 h | 8314 (7.0, 1.9) | 11 168 (7.2, 2.5) | 10 524 (8.4, 2.4) | 3887 (9.8, 0.9) |
| Ease of getting up in the morning | ||||
| Not at all easy | 1217 (1.0, 0.3) | 2159 (1.4, 0.5) | 6 941 (5.5, 1.6) | 6971 (17.7, 1.6) |
| Not very easy | 3781 (3.2, 0.9) | 13 304 (8.5, 3.0) | 30 945 (24.8, 7.0) | 14 574 (36.9, 3.3) |
| Fairly easy | 43 569 (36.6, 9.9) | 89 258 (57.2, 20.3) | 70 285 (56.2, 16.0) | 14 399 (36.5, 3.3) |
| Very easy | 70 477 (59.2, 16.0) | 51 367 (32.9, 11.7) | 16 831 (13.5, 3.8) | 3506 (8.9, 0.8) |
| Cardiometabolic characteristics | ||||
| Body mass index^^^ | ||||
| <18.5 | 653 (0.6, 0.2) | 810 (0.5, 0.2) | 620 (0.5, 0.1) | 222 (0.6, 0.1) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 37 609 (31.6, 8.6) | 53 667 (34.4, 12.2) | 40 346 (32.3, 9.2) | 11 819 (29.9, 2.7) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 50 240 (42.2, 11.4) | 66 458 (42.6, 15.1) | 53 623 (42.9, 12.2) | 16 245 (41.1, 3.7) |
| ≥30 | 30 608 (25.7, 7.0) | 35 214 (22.6, 8.0) | 30 528 (24.4, 6.9) | 11 271 (28.5, 2.6) |
| Health problems | ||||
| Heart attack | 2863 (2.4, 0.7) | 3353 (2.2, 0.8) | 2715 (2.2, 0.6) | 961 (2.4, 0.2) |
| Angina | 4098 (3.4, 0.9) | 4704 (3.0, 1.1) | 3796 (3.0, 0.9) | 1298 (3.3, 0.3) |
| Stroke | 1979 (1.7, 0.5) | 2068 (1.3, 0.5) | 1813 (1.5, 0.4) | 665 (1.7, 0.2) |
| Hypertension | 34 139 (28.7, 7.8) | 41 332 (26.5, 9.4) | 32 762 (26.2, 7.5) | 10 570 (26.7, 2.4) |
| Diabetes | 6375 (5.4, 1.5) | 6801 (4.4, 1.6) | 6078 (4.9, 1.4) | 2456 (6.2, 0.6) |
| Sleep problems | ||||
| Sleeplessness/ insomnia | 34 280 (28.8, 7.8) | 42 611 (27.3, 9.7) | 34 409 (27.5, 7.8) | 12 569 (31.8, 2.9) |
| Daytime dozing / narcolepsy | 3816 (3.2, 0.9) | 3567 (2.3, 0.8) | 3160 (2.5, 0.7) | 1558 (4.0, 0.4) |
Note: n: count, XX: column percent, xx: overall percent, h: hours, CI: confidence interval,
^
Mean age (sd): morning 57.4 (7.8), more morning than evening 56.8 (8.0), more evening than morning 55.8 (8.3), evening 55.1 (8.3),
^^
Mean sleep duration (h): morning 7.1 (1.1), more morning than evening 7.1 (1.0), more evening than morning 7.2 (1.1), evening 7.1 (1.2),
^^^
Mean body mass index (sd): morning 27.6 (4.9), more morning than evening 27.2 (4.6), more evening than morning 27.5 (4.8), evening 28.0 (5.2).