Table 3.
Costs of COPD by demographic category, RMB Yuan (US$)
| Outpatient cost per visit | Hospitalization cost per visit | DMC | DNMC | IC | Total cost | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | ||||||
| Beijing | 434 (598±901) | 0 (6,120±17,755) | 6,824 (15,519±28,396) | 30 (680±1,378) | 0 (5,737±12,532) | 11,038 (22,199±35,174) |
| (67 [93±139]) | (0 [947±2,749]) | (1,057 [2,403±4,396]) | (5 [105±213]) | (0 [888±1,940]) | (1,709 [3,437±5,446]) | |
| Guangzhou | 190 (278±377) | 0 (3,938±8,318) | 3,178 (12,451±27,501) | 0 (308±1,062) | 0 (558±3,135) | 3,773 (13,277±28,759) |
| (29 [43±58]) | (0 [610±1,288]) | (492 [1,928±4,258]) | (0 [48±164]) | (0 [86±485]) | (584 [2,056±4,453]) | |
| Shanghai | 212 (298±300) | 0 (3,171±5,644) | 5,214 (10,236±14,628) | 0 (848±3,691) | 0 (1,456±8,436) | 6,473 (12,676±17,623) |
| (33 [46±46]) | (0 [491±874]) | (807 [1,585±2,265]) | (0 [131±571]) | (0 [225±1,306]) | (1,002 [1,963±2,728]) | |
| Chengdu | 0 (97±343) | 3,695 (5,001±7,824) | 6,628 (9,571±14,376) | 0 (334±1,011) | 0 (614±3,058) | 7,200 (10,510±14,934) |
| (0 [15±53]) | (572 [774±1,211]) | (1,026 [1,482±2,226]) | (0 [52±157]) | (0 [95±473]) | (1,115 [1,627±2,312]) | |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 156 (304±556) | 0 (4,494±11,635) | 5,977 (11,963±23,020) | 0 (534±2,330) | 0 (1,529±6,944) | 6,397 (14,123±25,051) |
| (24 [47±86]) | (0 [696±1,801]) | (925 [1,852±3,564]) | (0 [83±361]) | (0 [237±1,075]) | (990 [2,187±3,879]) | |
| Female | 164 (360±596) | 0 (4,715±8,980) | 4,712 (11,982±20,804) | 8 (554±1,257) | 0 (3,583±10,505) | 6,413 (16,223±28,199) |
| (25 [56±92]) | (0 [730±1,390]) | (730 [1,855±3,221]) | (1 [86±195]) | (0 [555±1,627]) | (993 [2,512±4,366]) | |
| P-value | 0.67 | 0.704 | 0.71 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.726 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≤60 | 257 (351±405) | 0 (1,429±3,483) | 3736 (5592±6583) | 0 (121±269) | 0 (3,091±11,189) | 3,850 (8,804±14,253) |
| (40 [54±63]) | (0 [221±539]) | (578 [866±1,019]) | (0 [19±42]) | (0 [479±1,732]) | (596 [1,363±2,207]) | |
| >60 | 144 (314±598) | 0 (5,165±11,806) | 6,096 (13,083±23,564) | 0 (626±2,296) | 0 (1,726±6,194) | 7,071 (15,580±25,846) |
| (22 [49±93]) | (0 [800±1,828]) | (944 [2,026±3,648]) | (0 [97±356]) | (0 [267±959]) | (1,095 [2,412±4,002]) | |
| P-value | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.094 | 0.204 | 0.006 |
| Household income per capita monthly, RMB Yuan (US≥) | ||||||
| <1,000 (154) | 100 (280±430) | 0 (5,562±9,291) | 7,128 (13,482±19,810) | 6 (357±959) | 0 (3,278±9,036) | 7,533 (17,368±26,818) |
| (15 [43±67]) | (0 [861±1,439]) | (1,104 [2,087±3,067]) | (1 [55±149]) | (0 [508±1,399]) | (1,166 [2,689±4,152]) | |
| 1,000–1,999 (154–308) | 46 (241±455) | 2862 (4,351±5,394) | 6,993 (10,816±14,315) | 0 (404±990) | 0 (2,009±8,801) | 7,666 (13,220±17,873) |
| (7 [37±70]) | (443 [674±835]) | (1083 [1,675±2,216]) | (0 [63±153]) | (0 [311±1,363]) | (1,187 [2,047±2,767]) | |
| 2,000–2,999 (309–463) | 179 (363±733) | 0 (4,120±7,560) | 5,429 (12,676±23,824) | 0 (704±3,081) | 0 (2,446±9,346) | 6,825 (15,953±28,895) |
| (28 [56±114]) | (0 [638±1,171]) | (841 [1,963±3,689]) | (0 [109±477]) | (0 [379±1,447]) | (1,057 [2,470±4,474]) | |
| 3,000–3,999 (464–618) | 198 (341±484) | 0 (4,522±10,111) | 4,532 (12,038±28,767) | 0 (487±1,442) | 0 (2,539±7,358) | 5,412 (15,173±30,497) |
| (31 [53±75]) | (0 [700±1565]) | (702 [1,864±4,454]) | (0 [75±223]) | (0 [393±1,139]) | (838 [2,349±4,722]) | |
| ≥4,000 (619) | 232 (372±503) | 0 (5,076±19,386) | 3,348 (11,455±23,636) | 0 (594±2,053) | 0 (1,041±4,493) | 3,756 (13,276±25,901) |
| (36 [58±78]) | (0 [786±3,001]) | (518 [1,774±3,660]) | (0 [92±318]) | (0 [161±696]) | (582 [2,056±4,010]) | |
| P-value | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.54 | 0.549 | 0.464 | 0.632 |
| Having medical insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 157 (322±575) | 0 (4,576±11,097) | 5,750 (12,112±22,706) | 0 (553±2,133) | 0 (2,105±8,234) | 6,534 (14,889±26,309) |
| (24 [50±89]) | (0 [709±1,718]) | (890 [1,875±3,515]) | (0 [86±330]) | (0 [326±1,275]) | (1,012 [2,305±4,073]) | |
| No | 148 (263±360) | 0 (4,062±7,947) | 2,954 (8758±14,656) | 0 (247±754) | 0 (1,688±4,857) | 2,954 (10,447±15,603) |
| (23 [41±56]) | (0 [629±1,230]) | (457 [1,356±2,269]) | (0 [38±117]) | (0 [261±752]) | (457 [1,618±2,416]) | |
| P-value | 0.535 | 0.445 | 0.176 | 0.14 | 0.953 | 0.183 |
| Current severity of COPD | ||||||
| Mild | 122 (195±281) | 0 (1,908±5,401) | 2,288 (5,141±12,953) | 0 (589±2,718) | 0 (1,107±4,076) | 2,857 (6,837±14,710) |
| (19 [30±43]) | (0 [295±836]) | (354 [796±2,006]) | (0 [91±421]) | (0 [171±631]) | (442 [1,059±2,278]) | |
| Moderate | 171 (325±487) | 0 (4,463±14,380) | 4,257 (10,280±19,986) | 0 (525±2,329) | 0 (2,629±9,055) | 4,870 (13,553±26,173) |
| (26 [50±75]) | (0 [691±2226]) | (659 [1,592±3,094]) | (0 [81±361]) | (0 [407±1,402]) | (754 [2,098±4,052]) | |
| Severe | 161 (339±493) | 0 (5,712±7,814) | 8,408 (15,802±25,838) | 10 (527±1,233) | 0 (2,346±9,844) | 10,350 (18,875±28,178) |
| (25 [52±76]) | (0 [884±1,210]) | (1,302 [2,447±4,000]) | (2 [82±191]) | (0 [363±1,524]) | (1,602 [2,922±4,363]) | |
| Very severe | 227 (518±1215) | 6,516 (7,628±7,816) | 1,1316 (2,4941±31,692) | 0 (531±998) | 0 (1,014±2,913) | 12,359 (26,377±32,059) |
| (35 [80±188]) | (1,009 [1,181±1,210]) | (1,752 [3,862±4,907]) | (0 [82±154]) | (0 [157±451]) | (1,913 [4,084±4,964]) | |
| P-value | 0.026 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.75 | <0.001 |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | 184 (309±418) | 0 (3,551±18,202) | 2,977 (7,693±19,428) | 0 (548±3,577) | 0 (1,311±8,768) | 3,048 (9,503±22,543) |
| (28 [48±65]) | (0 [550±2,818]) | (461 [1,191±3,008]) | (0 [85±554]) | (0 [203±1,357]) | (472 [1,471±3,490]) | |
| 1 | 146 (205±272) | 0 (3,986±6,470) | 4,874 (10,138±17,466) | 0 (397±1,582) | 0 (918±4,305) | 5,412 (11,487±19,427) |
| (23 [32±42]) | (0 [617±1,002]) | (755 [1,570±2,704]) | (0 [62±245]) | (0 [142±666]) | (838 [1,779±3,008]) | |
| 2 | 106 (362±837) | 0 (4,992±9,451) | 6,198 (13,513±23,177) | 0 (526±1,278) | 0 (1,695±4,815) | 7,679 (16,014±24,356) |
| (16 [56±130]) | (0 [773±1,463]) | (960 [2,092±3,589]) | (0 [81±198]) | (0 [262±745]) | (1,189 [2,479±3,771]) | |
| ≥3 | 255 (476±625) | 2,765 (6,103±8,471) | 9,222 (17,803±29,847) | 40 (803±1,477) | 0 (5,506±13,383) | 13,192 (24,263±36,730) |
| (39 [74±97]) | (428 [945±1,312]) | (1,428 [2,756±4,621]) | (6 [124±229]) | (0 [852±2,072]) | (2,043 [3,757±5,687]) | |
| P-value | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Notes: Data were presented as median (mean ± standard deviation). Kruskal–Wallis or Wilcoxon test was to test the differences of costs among groups. Values in bold indicated statistical significance.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DMC, direct medical cost; DNMC, direct nonmedical cost; IC, indirect cost.