Table 1.

Previous reports of lumbar sympathetic blockade for EM

References	Patient demographics	LSB technique	Results
Seishima et al46	A 59-year-old Japanese man with secondary EM and myasthenia gravis	Right neurolytic LSB at L4 with ethanol followed by a left LSB after 1 week	Immediate resolution of severe pain for 9 months; skin ulcers also disappeared in 1–2 months after the blockade
Bang et al47	A 12-year-old girl with primary EM involving both lower extremities	Fluoroscopic-guided, right LSB at L3 with 1% lidocaine and triamcinolone followed by a left LSB after 1 week	Reduction in pain scores from 5 to 3 1 week after the second blockade. Other outcomes included improved comfort, ability to ambulate, improved and reduced need for frequent immersion of feet in cold water
Zhang et al48	A 15-year-old girl adolescent with primary EM. R1150W polymorphism in SCN9A	Bilateral chemical lumbar sympathectomy using 5% phenol in aqueous solution at the L3–L4 ganglia was performed with radiographic guidance	Immediate pain reduction (50%) was achieved after LSB. Burning pain, erythema, and swelling in the lower legs disappeared in 4 days. Skin ulcerations healed in 1 month. The patient resumed normal exercise 5 months after LSB and there were no relapses for 5 years
Cerci et al49	A 70-year-old woman with EM and worsening symptoms after chemotherapy for bladder cancer	Fluoroscopy-guided, LSB at L3 with 2% chloroprocaine and 0.375% bupivacaine	Significant improvement of pain and eventual near-complete resolution of skin ulcers