Table 1. Dependent variables in participants while wearing a backpack with short straps; or a backpack with long straps and without a backpack.

	Without backpack	Backpack with short straps	Backpack with long straps
Upper trapezius pain threshold (kg/cm2)	3.7 ± 1.0	4.3 ± 1.2*	5.8 ± 1.2#¥
Craniovertebral angle (degrees)	39.4 ± 2.3	44 ± 1.7*	47 ± 2#¥

*significant (p<0.05) difference between without backpack and backpack with short straps, ^#significant (p<0.05) difference between backpack with short straps and backpack with long straps, ^¥significant (p<0.05) difference between without backpack and backpack with long straps.