Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all subjects.
| Parameter | PD, all | Controls | PD-CU | PD-MCI | P-value1 | P-value2 | P-value3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number, n | 32 | 22 | 18 | 14 | – | – | – |
| Handedness of writing (R: L) | 32: 0 | 22: 0 | 18: 0 | 14:0 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Age, y | 54.16 ± 8.34 | 52.64 ± 6.65 | 53.61 ± 8.68 | 54.86 ± 8.13 | 0.479 | 0.705 | 0.682 |
| Gender, M/F | 14/18 | 9/13 | 9/9 | 5/9 | 0.839 | 0.717 | 0.435 |
| Type of motor symptom (TD/PIDG/mixed) | 18/11/3 | – | 10/7/1 | 8/4/2 | – | – | – |
| Duration of disease, y | 1.41 ± 1.14 | – | 1.53 ± 1.22 | 1.24 ± 1.05 | – | – | 0.485 |
| H & Y stage (I: II: III) | – | – | 8: 10: 0 | 3: 9: 2 | – | – | 0.071 |
| UPDRS score | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Part I- nM-EDL | – | – | 1.06 ± 1.39 | 0.86 ± 1.17 | – | – | 0.671 |
| Part II- M-EDL | – | – | 5.56 ± 2.30 | 5.79 ± 3.64 | – | – | 0.829 |
| Part III- motor examination | – | – | 15.35 ± 5.58 | 17.78 ± 8.46 | – | – | 0.354 |
| Part IV- motor complications | – | – | 0 | 0 | – | – | – |
| HDRS score | – | – | 5.67 ± 6.62 | 6.43 ± 3.25 | – | – | 0.696 |
| HARS score | – | – | 4.39 ± 4.73 | 4.79 ± 3.68 | – | – | 0.798 |
| MoCA score | – | – | 27.61 ± 2.20 | 22.36 ± 2.56 | – | – | <0.001∗ |
| EDU, y | 9.63 ± 3.48 | 9.55 ± 3.57 | 11.50 ± 3.22 | 7.21 ± 2.05 | 0.936 | 0.002∗ | – |
∗Indicates significant difference; 1Comparison between all PD patients (PD-MCI and PD-CU) and control subjects. 2Comparison among PD-MCI, PD-CU patients, and control subjects. 3Comparison between PD-CU and PD-MCI patients. PD, Parkinson’s disease; PD-CU, cognitively unimpaired PD patients; PD-MCI, cognitively impaired PD patients; TD = Tremor dominant; PIDG = postural instability gait difficulty; H & Y, Hoehn & Yahr staging; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; nM-EDL, Non-Motor Aspects of Experiences of Daily Living; M-EDL, Motor Aspects of Experiences of Daily Living; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HARS, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; EDU, Education.