Figure 1.

Inhibition of F. graminearum 8/1 by isolates and the E. coli vioABCDE strain. The E. coli strain harbors the violacein vioABCDE genes on a pDrive plasmid (Hornung et al., 2013). (A) Plate assay to determine the inhibition of F. graminearum 8/1 by HH01, HH102, or E. coli. Co-incubation studies were performed with 1 × 10⁹ bacterial cells per ml and hyphae of F. graminearum 8/1 on solid R2A. The plates were incubated for 6 days at 22°C. Experiments were performed thrice. (B) Results of liquid assays to test the F. graminearum 8/1 inhibition by the isolates HH100, HH101, HH102, HH103, HH104, HH105, HH106, HH107, and 5059B, the four type strains J. agaricidamnosum, J. lividum, D. phyllosphaerae and D. zoogloeoides, and E. coli vioABCDE. Liquid tests were performed with 180 μl filtered supernatant of 1 × 10⁹ bacterial cells per ml grown in R2A –G and 400 conidia from F. graminearium 8/1, solved in 20 μl medium. The assay was incubated for 72 h at 28°C. One out of three independent experiments is shown and each experiment contained four replicates. The error lines indicate standard deviations.