Table 3.
Comparison of results of thallium content determination in various environmental samples with the use of different analytical techniques
| Sample | Sampling site | Concentration range | Analytical technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sediment | Arnous River (downstream), France | 1–10 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) |
| Arnous River (downstream), France | 0.2–26.6 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) | |
| Arnous River (upstream), France | 0.05–0.78 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) | |
| Arnous River (upstream), France | 0.05–0.83 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) | |
| Deule Channel (France)—contaminated sediments near a metal smelter | 1.8–1111 μmol kg−1 | LEAFS | Boughriet et al. (2007) | |
| Gardon River, France | 0.15–0.63 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) | |
| Reigous Bay, France | 20–235 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) | |
| Reigous Bay, France | 0.0001–2.6 μmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Casiot et al. (2011) | |
| Biwa Lake (Japan) | 7.4 ± 0.7 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Buffalo River (USA) | 5.5 ± 0.5 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Winter Green Lake (USA) | 0.01–0.11 mmol g−1 | AAS | Cheam (2000) | |
| Indiana Harbor artificial channel (USA) | 6.3 ± 0.4 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Erie Lake (Canada) | 0.014–0.053 nmol L−1 | GFAAS | Lin and Nriagu (1999) | |
| Humber River (Canada) | 2.3 ± 0.4 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Huron Lake (Canada) | 0.013–0.088 nmol L−1 | GFAAS | Lin and Nriagu (1999) | |
| Lakes near a coal mine (western Canada) | 0.001–0.02 μmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam (2000) | |
| Michigan Lake (Canada) | 0.047–0.094 nmol L−1 | GFAAS | Lin and Nriagu (1999) | |
| Mine water (western Canada) | 0.001–6.5 nmol L−1 | LEAFS | Cheam (2000) | |
| Niagara River (Canada) | 5.2 ± 0.4 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Ontario Lake (Canada) | 0.53–4.2 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Borgmann et al. (1998) | |
| Ontario Lake (Canada) | 4.5 ± 0.4 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Ontario Lake (Canada) | 0.024–0.034 nmol L−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1995) | |
| Ontario Lake (Canada) | 0.026–0.040 nmol L−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1995) | |
| Port Hamilton (Canada) | 12.6 ± 1.4 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Port Hamilton (Canada) | 0.11–0.18 nmol L−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1995) | |
| Port in Toronto (Canada) | 3.0 ± 0.3 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Saint Clair Lake (Canada) | 3.1 ± 0.6 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Sudbury (Canada) | 2.4 ± 0.1 nmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Superior Lake (Canada) | 4.4–6.8 pmol L−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1995) | |
| Superior Lake (Canada) | 0.007 ± 0.001 nmol L−1 | HR-ICP-MS | Field and Sherrell (2003) | |
| Tantare Lake (Canada) | 38 ± 0.3 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Laforte et al. (2005) | |
| The Great Lakes (Canada) | 0.5–1043 pmol L−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Vose Lake (Canada) | 0.59–1.53 nmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Laforte et al. (2005) | |
| Vose Lake (Canada) | 5.5 ± 0.4 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Laforte et al. (2005) | |
| Ovre Skarsion Lake (Sweden) | 36–44 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Grahn et al. (2006) | |
| Listresjon Lake (Sweden) | 59 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Grahn et al. (2006) | |
| Stensjon Lake (Sweden) | 22–39 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Grahn et al. (2006) | |
| Remmarsjon Lake (Sweden) | 32–39 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Grahn et al. (2006) | |
| Tvaringen Lake (Sweden) | 24–31 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Grahn et al. (2006) | |
| Rivers and streams (Poland) | 0.0077–0.72 mmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Surface waters (Taiwan) | 117 ± 1 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Meeravali and Jiang (2011) | |
| Deep-sea water (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.064–5.382 μmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Ground water (Lanmuchang, China) | <0.0024 μmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Surface water (Yanshang, China) | 0.03–0.47 pmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Surface water (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.24–3.67 μmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Spring water (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.4–151.7 nmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Well water (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.049–1.859 μmol L−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Pearl River (China) | 0.0061–0.0935 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Liu et al. (2010) | |
| North River (China) | 0.0045–0.0158 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Liu et al. (2010) | |
| Elbe (Germany) | 0.0041–0.0095 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Liu et al. (2010) | |
| Streams sediments (Zn–Pb processing area, Poland) | 0.0077–0.7193 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Rivulet sediment (Zn–Pb processing area, Poland) | 0.0367 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Jakubowska et al. (2007) | |
| Stream sediment (Zn–Pb processing area, Poland) | 0.0073–0.0323 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska et al. (2014) | |
| Bolesław-Bukowno, mining area (Upper Silesia, Poland) | 0.0016–0.0685 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS, ASV | Ospina-Alvarez et al. (2014) | |
| Tamar estuarine sediments (England) | 0.0004–0.0011 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Anagboso et al. (2013) | |
| Tsunami sediments (Thailand) | 0.0019–0.0053 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lukaszewski et al. (2012) | |
| Snow and ice | Snow (arctic areas of Canada) | 0.015–0.0044 pmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) |
| Surface ice (arctic areas of Canada) | 0.0015–0.0055 pmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Deep-sea ice (arctic areas of Canada) | 0.0001–0.0045 pmol g−1 | LEAFS | Cheam et al. (1998) | |
| Ellesmere island (arctic areas of Canada) | 0.0064–0.0108 pmol g−1 | ETV-ICP-MS | Baiocchi et al. (1994) | |
| Antarctica (Terra Nova) | 0.0009–0.0022 pmol g−1 | ETV-ICP-MS | Baiocchi et al. (1994) | |
| Sea water | Pacific Ocean | 58–77 pmol kg−1 | ETV-ICP-MS | Baiocchi et al. (1994) |
| Atlantic Ocean | 59–80 pmol kg−1 | ETV-ICP-MS | Baiocchi et al. (1994) | |
| Ross Sea (Antarctica) | 22–25 pmol L−1 | HR-ICP-MS | Baiocchi et al. (1994) | |
| Air | City center (Zagreb) | |||
| 1998 | 0–0.09 nmol m−3 | FAAS | Hrsak et al. (2003) | |
| 1999 | 0–0.01 nmol m−3 | FAAS | Hrsak et al. (2003) | |
| 2000 | 0–0.01 nmol m−3 | FAAS | Hrsak et al. (2003) | |
| Residential districts | ||||
| 1998 | 0–0.02 nmol m−3 | FAAS | Hrsak et al. (2003) | |
| 1999 | 0–0.03 nmol m−3 | FAAS | Hrsak et al. (2003) | |
| 2000 | 0–0.04 nmol m−3 | FAAS | Hrsak et al. (2003) | |
| Soil | Surface soil (Poland) | 0.2–145.8 μmol kg−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) |
| Deep soil (Poland) | 0.1–171.7 μmol kg−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Soil contaminated by zinc smelter (Poland) | 0.0171–0.1468 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Vaněk et al. (2013) | |
| Soil reference area (Poland) | 0.0010–0.0137 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Vaněk et al. (2013) | |
| Soil floodplain terraces (Poland) | 0.0019–0.0022 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Jakubowska et al. (2007) | |
| Mine area (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.2–0.6 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Alluvial soil (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.07–0.3 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Intact natural soil (Lanmuchang, China) | 7–34 μmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Intact natural soil (Yanshang, China) | 4.4–6.8 μmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Soil contaminated with pyrite slag (China) | 0.0245–0.0734 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Yang et al. (2005) | |
| Soil background (China) | 0.0079–0.0099 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Yang et al. (2005) | |
| Arable soils (France) | Median 0.0014 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Czech soil | 0.0021–0.0039 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Vaněk et al. (2010a, b) | |
| Czech sandy soil | 0.0029–0.0039 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Vaněk et al. (2015) | |
| Korean soil—near cement plants | 0.0059–0.0632 μmol g−1 | ICP-OES | Lee et al. (2015) | |
| Korean soil—near mines | 0.0009–0.0053 μmol g−1 | ICP-OES | Lee et al. (2015) | |
| Iranian soil, Chelpu catchment area | 0.0108–0.0264 μmol g−1 | ICP-ES | Taheri et al. (2015) | |
| Ores and rocks | Sulfide ores (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.5–171.2 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) |
| Coal (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.06–0.22 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Secondary materials (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.12–5.38 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Mine waste (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.16–12.72 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Crushed field stone (Lanmuchang, China) | 0.19–2.40 mmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Gold ores (Yanshang, China) | 1–78 μmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Coal (Yanshang, China) | 1.5–41.1 μmol kg−1 | ICP-MS | Xiao et al. (2004) | |
| Magmatic rock (France) | 0.0016–0.0083 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Metamorphic rock (France) | 0.0013–0.0049 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Clastic rock (France) | 0.0002–0.0043 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Calcareous rock (France) | 0.0005–0.1057 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Sinemurian limestone (France) | 0.0362–0.2691 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Carixian marls (France) | 0.0147–0.0167 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Composite rock (France) | 0.0002–0.0025 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Alluvial rock (France) | 0.0017–0.0036 μmol g−1 | GFAAS | Tremel et al. (1997) | |
| Floodplain sands, gravel, and silt (Poland) | 0.0022–0.0092 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Slope wash sands and loams (Poland) | 0.0007–0.1717 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Loesses (Poland) | 0.0009–0.0049 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Glaciofluvial sands and gravel (Poland) | 0.0001–0.0113 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Dolomites, ore-bearing dolomites, limestones, and marls (Poland) | 0.0021–0.0298 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Dolomites (Poland) | 0.0014–0.0092 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska et al. (2014) | |
| Ore-bearing dolomites (Poland) | 0.0057–0.0396 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska et al. (2014) | |
| Belgian Zn–Pb vein deposits | 0.1468–30.8264 μmol g−1 | X-ray fluorescence, XRF | Duchesne et al. (1983) | |
| Dumps of Zn–Pb processing (Poland) | 0.0338–0.1458 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Lis et al. (2003) | |
| Galena concentrate (Poland) | 0.0308–0.0357 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska et al. (2014) | |
| Blende concentrate (Poland) | 0.0298–0.0494 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska et al. (2014) | |
| Crude Zn–Pb ores (Poland) | 0.0091–0.0100 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska et al. (2014) | |
| Carbonate rock (Erzmatt, Switzerland) | 0.4893–4.8931 μmol g−1 | ICP-MS | Voegelin et al. (2015) | |
| Wastewater | Bolesław-Bukowno, mining area (Upper Silesia, Poland) | 0.2447 ± 0.0098 μmol L−1 (9 ± 1 % as Tl III) (91 % as Tl I) | HPLC with ICP-MS | Ospina-Alvarez et al. (2015) |
| Volcanic ashes | Iceland (2010) Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull | 0.0023 ± 0.0002 μmol g−1 | DPASV | Karbowska and Zembrzuski (2016) |
| White mustard (Sinapis alba) | Czech Republic (central part) | 0.1908 μmol g−1 (in stem) 0.1028 μmol g−1 (in leaf) 0.0636 μmol g−1 (in root), DW |
ICP-MS | Groesslova et al. (2015) |
| Green cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) | Guizhou, China | 0.4942–0.9395 μmol g−1 in the leaves, DW | ICP-MS | Ning et al. (2015) |
| Urine | Population: pregnant woman Location: Hubei, China |
Median 0.0016 μmol L−1
(0.0027 μmol g−1 in creatinine) |
ICP-MS | Xia et al. (2016) |
| Population: pregnant woman Location: Spain |
Median 0.0009 μmol g−1 in creatinine | ICP-MS | Fort et al. (2014) | |
| Population: opioid addicts Location: Mashhad, Iran |
0.0–1.693 μmol L−1
Median 0.0685 μmol L−1 |
GFAAS | Ghaderi et al. (2015) | |