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. 2016 Oct 26;6:36221. doi: 10.1038/srep36221

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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Simulated pattern characteristics: (a) fluid-fluid interfacial area A_inter; (b) front area (excluding trapped regions) A_front; and (c) mean finger width w. The improved displacement efficiency as λ is lowered is manifested by a decrease in A_inter and A_front, and increase in w. Efficiency is also enhanced by decreasing rate (Ca) and increasing wettability (θ). Slow imbibition (Ca = 3.6 · 10⁻⁵, θ = 120°, light blue in (d–f)) produces a compact front which is nearly unaffected by disorder. Lines and shading in (a–c) depict the ensemble mean and standard deviation among four realizations (with L = 100a). Panels d–f show data from eight samples (λ) and three rates (darker and thicker lines indicate higher Ca).