Figure 1. Metformin prevents inflammation in response to 3dUUO.
(A–C) Regulation of the inflammatory markers TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β in response to 3dUUO and metformin treatment normalized to ribosomal 18S RNA. (D,E) The regulation of the VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 following UUO and metformin treatment normalized to ribosomal 18S RNA. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant indicated by *P < 0.01 by **P < 0.001 by ***, and not significant by ns.