Fig. (19).
AFM-IR can reconstruct the pathway of protein misfolding and aggregation. a) Young modulus of Josephin protein aggregates as a function of the maturation time. b) Spectra of native oligomers, misfolded oligomers and fibrils showing an increase of the β-sheet content in time. c) Sketch of the two proposed pathways of Josephin aggregation. From Ref. [140].