Table 1. Pharmacology and tissue distribution of VGCCs as well as related channelopthies (reprinted from [68]).

Cav-α1	Pharmacology	Tissue affected	Syndromes associated
Cav1.1 Cav1.2 Cav1.3 Cav1.4	Dihydropyridne, Benzothiazepine, Phenylalkylamine, TaiCatoxin, Calciseptine Calcicludine, FS-2	skeletal musclesubiquitary ubiquitary retina	Hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 1 (HypoPP1), malignant hyperthermia type 5 (MHS5)Timothy syndrome  (LQT8, epilepsy) Not known x-linked conginital stationary night blindness 2 (xCSNB2), X-linked cone-rod dystrophy type 3 (CORDX3)
Cav2.1   Cav2.2Cav2.3	ω-Agatoxin IVA    ω-Conotoxin GVIA SNX-482, Ni2+	CNS  CNS/PNS  CNS/PNS	Absence-epilepsy, episodic ataxia type 2, spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, familial hemiplegic migraine, Lambert-Eaton myastenie-Syndrome Lambert-Eaton myastenie-syndrome Not known
Cav3.1 Cav3.2 Cav3.3	Mibefradil, Kurtoxin, Ni2+	CNS/PNS CNS/heart   CNS	Not known Absence-epilepsy (CAE), Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)Not known