Table II.
Unadjusted mean difference in carotenoids from diet, supplements, and adipose tissue by race and prostate cancer aggressiveness
| European American n = 1,079 |
African American n = 1,023 |
% diff.§ | European American | African American | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High aggressive CaP n = 164 |
Low/intermediate aggressive CaP n = 915 |
P† | High aggressive CaP n = 206 |
Low/intermediate aggressive CaP n = 817 |
P† | |||||
| Carotenoids | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| α–carotene µg/day | ||||||||||
| dietary | 661.9 (741.7) | 596.3 (730.2) | 10 ‡ | 610.0 (874.3) | 671.1 (715.5) | 0.39 | 597.6 (829.4) | 595.9 (703.6) | 0.98 | |
| β–carotene µg/day | ||||||||||
| dietary | 3914 (3028) | 4789 (3899) | −22 ‡ | 3831 (3096) | 3929 (3017) | 0.70 | 4835 (3951) | 4777 (3888) | 0.85 | |
| supplement a | 442.1 (1607) | 235.0 (859.2) | 47 ‡ | 300.9 (447.3) | 467.4 (1734) | 0.01 | 192.8 (1065) | 245.6 (799.5) | 0.50 | |
| diet + supplement | 4356 (3478) | 5024 (4028) | −15 | 4132 (3196) | 4397 (3526) | 0.37 | 5027 (4170) | 5023 (3994) | 0.99 | |
| β–cryptoxanthin µg/day | ||||||||||
| dietary | 162.9 (134.3) | 223.5 (204.3) | −37 ‡ | 160.8 (117.8) | 163.3 (137.1) | 0.81 | 199.3 (171.8) | 229.6 (211.4) | 0.03 | |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin µg/day | ||||||||||
| dietary | 3230 (2708) | 4231 (3533) | −31 ‡ | 3204 (2706) | 3235 (2710) | 0.89 | 4133 (3150) | 4256 (3625) | 0.63 | |
| supplement (lutein) a | 81.7 (126.5) | 45.5 (123.4) | 44 ‡ | 84.0 (116.1) | 81.3 (128.3) | 080 | 32.8 (83.1) | 48.8 (131.4) | 0.03 | |
| diet + supplement | 3312 (2737) | 4277 (3550) | −29 ‡ | 3288 (2723) | 3316 (2740) | 0.90 | 4166 (3151) | 4305 (3645) | 0.62 | |
| Lycopene µg/day | ||||||||||
| dietary | 6716 (7842) | 5539 (7791) | 17 ‡ | 5994 (5770) | 6845 (8154) | 0.10 | 5440 (8294) | 5564 (7664) | 0.84 | |
| supplement a | 85.3 (201.3) | 66.7 (142) | 22 ‡ | 85.0 (133.4) | 85.3 (211.2) | 0.97 | 60.5 (117.6) | 68.3 (147.2) | 0.42 | |
| diet + supplement | 6801 (7855) | 5606 (7794) | 18 ‡ | 6079 (5773) | 6931 (8168) | 0.10 | 5500 (8303) | 5632 (7666) | 0.83 | |
| Adipose tissue carotenoid levels µg/g |
N = 581 Mean (SD) |
N = 358 Mean (SD) |
N = 89 Mean (SD) |
N = 492 Mean (SD) |
N = 66 Mean (SD) |
N = 292 Mean (SD) |
||||
| α–carotene | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 25 | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.26 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.33 | |
| cis–β-carotene | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.10 (0.15) | 0 | 0.09 (0.16) | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.42 | 0.10 (0.17) | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.81 | |
| trans–β-carotene | 0.19 (0.27) | 0.16 (0.27) | 16 | 0.16 (0.27) | 0.19 (0.28) | 0.32 | 0.17 (0.32) | 0.16 (0.26) | 0.79 | |
| α–cryptoxanthin | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 33 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.16 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.49 | |
| β–cryptoxanthin | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.08 (0.10) | 11 | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.28 | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.84 | |
| Lutein | 0.21 (0.22) | 0.20 (0.24) | 5 | 0.18 (0.17) | 0.21 (0.23) | 0.20 | 0.19 (0.23) | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.82 | |
| Zeaxanthin | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.07 (0.08) | 30 ‡ | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.17) | 0.03 | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.46 | |
| Lycopene (cis + trans) | 0.35 (0.40) | 0.28 (0.34) | 20 ‡ | 0.28 (0.32) | 0.36 (0.42) | 0.04 | 0.28 (0.32) | 0.28 (0.35) | 0.93 | |
| cis-lycopene | 0.22 (0.26) | 0.17 (0.21) | 23 ‡ | 0.17 (0.20) | 0.22 (0.27) | 0.05 | 0.17 (0.20) | 0.17 (0.22) | 0.96 | |
| all-trans-lycopene | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.10 (0.13) | 23 ‡ | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.05 | 0.11 (0.12) | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.84 | |
Abbreviations: CaP – prostate cancer; SD – standard deviation
a
Among supplement users only
§
Percent difference in carotenoid levels between European Americans and African Americans
‡
Significant p-values (< 0.05) for test of difference between European Americans and African Americans
†
Student’s t-test for difference by level of prostate cancer aggressiveness