Table III.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between dietary and supplemental carotenoids intake and prostate cancer aggressiveness among European-American and African-American men
| European American | African American | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoid levels | High aggressive/ low-intermediate aggressive CaP 164/915 |
OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) b | P† | Carotenoid levels | High aggressive/ low-intermediate aggressive CaP 206/817 |
OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI)b | P † | |
| α–carotene | ||||||||||
| Dietary µg/day | ||||||||||
| 27.20 – 324.13 | 64/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 11.83 – 262.11 | 71/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 324.14 – 626.76 | 48/305 | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 262.12 – 585.99 | 63/272 | 0.89 (0.61–1.30) | 0.79 (0.52–1.21) | |||
| 626.77 – 9812 | 52/305 | 0.80 (0.53–1.20) | 0.76 (0.49–1.18) | 0.33 | 586.00 – 9558 | 72/272 | 1.05 (0.72–1.52) | 0.99 (0.64–1.52) | 0.77 | |
| β–carotene | ||||||||||
| Dietary µg/day | ||||||||||
| 194.86 – 2328 | 61/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 286.48 – 2544 | 61/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| >2328 – 4046 | 44/305 | 0.68 (0.45–1.04) | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | >2544 – 5156 | 69/272 | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 1.07 (0.70–1.62) | |||
| >4046 – 25124 | 59/305 | 0.91 (0.61–1.35) | 0.92 (0.60–1.43) | 0.96 | >5156 – 32901 | 76/272 | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) | 1.12 (0.72–1.73) | 0.64 | |
| Supplement µg/day | ||||||||||
| non-users | 91/536 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | non-users | 153/564 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 63.00 – 600.00 | 61/301 | 1.20 (0.84–1.71) | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 63.00 – 590.00 | 26/92 | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 1.22 (0.74–2.03) | |||
| 600.01 – 16470 | 12/78 | 0.88 (0.46–1.69) | 1.00 (0.50–1.97) | 0.44 | 590.01 – 15600 | 27/161 | 0.62 (0.40–0.98) | 0.76 (0.48–1.21) | 0.37 | |
| Diet + supplement µg/day | ||||||||||
| 346 .80 – 2566 | 60/304 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 286.48 – 2773 | 67/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| >2566 – 4458 | 48/306 | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) | 0.76 (0.49–1.18) | >2773 – 5405 | 69/272 | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | |||
| >4458 – 25512 | 56/305 | 0.87 (0.58–1.30) | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) | 0.75 | >5405 – 32901 | 70/272 | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | 0.88 | |
| β–cryptoxanthin | ||||||||||
| Dietary µg/day | ||||||||||
| 6.04 – 86.14 | 51/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 3.53 – 116.43 | 87/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 86.15 – 180.62 | 52/305 | 1.00 (0.65–1.52) | 1.00 (0.64–1.55) | 116.44 – 243.34 | 65/272 | 0.75 (0.52–1.08) | 0.74 (0.50–1.11) | |||
| 180.63 – 1082 | 61/305 | 1.18 (0.78–1.77) | 1.11 (0.71–1.72) | 0.62 | 243.34 – 1594 | 54/272 | 0.63 (0.43–0.92) | 0.56 (0.36–0.87) | 0.01 | |
| Lutein + Zeaxanthin | ||||||||||
| Dietary µg/day | ||||||||||
| 289.67 – 1830 | 60/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 112.25 – 2299 | 64/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| >1830 – 3253 | 44/305 | 0.71 (0.47–1.09) | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | >2299 – 4408 | 72/272 | 1.15 (0.79–1.68) | 1.11 (0.74–1.68) | |||
| >3253 – 30165 | 60/305 | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 1.05 (0.67–1.63) | 0.49 | >4408 – 36608 | 70/272 | 1.10 (0.75–1.61) | 1.08 (0.70–1.65) | 0.82 | |
| Supplement (lutein) µg/dayc | ||||||||||
| non-users | 106/617 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | non-users | 177/671 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| users | 58/298 | 0.90 (0.64–1.28) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | users | 29/137 | 1.34 (0.87–2.06) | 1.03(0.65–1.63) | |||
| Diet + supplement µg/day | ||||||||||
| 289.67 – 1907 | 59/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 112.25 – 2309 | 63/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| >1907 – 3318 | 46/305 | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.75 (0.48–1.18) | >2309 – 4461 | 74/272 | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) | 1.19 (0.78–1.79) | |||
| >3318 – 31665 | 59/305 | 1.01 (0.69–1.50) | 1.04 (0.69–1.63) | 0.56 | >4461 – 37558 | 69/272 | 1.10 (0.75–1.61) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 0.85 | |
| Lycopene | ||||||||||
| Dietary µg/day | ||||||||||
| 344.77 – 3605 | 70/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 21.52 – 2390 | 61/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| >3605 – 6299 | 48/305 | 0.73 (0.48–1.09) | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) | >2390 – 5003 | 70/272 | 1.23 (0.84–1.81) | 1.27 (0.83–1.94) | |||
| >6299 – 100250 | 46/305 | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.02 | >5003 – 85677 | 73/272 | 1.29 (0.88–1.89) | 1.22 (0.77–1.93) | 0.58 | |
| Supplement µg/day | ||||||||||
| non-users | 114/664 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | non-users | 161/630 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 64.28 – 250.00 | 17/126 | 1.91 (0.80–4.57) | 2.14 (0.87–5.24) | 64.28 – 250.00 | 12/88 | 0.86 (0.39–1.89) | 0.97 (0.43–2.22) | |||
| 250.01 – 5000 | 33/125 | 1.09 (0.74–1.60) | 1.22 (0.82–1.83) | 0.27 | 250.01 – 1000 | 33/99 | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | 1.14 (0.74–1.73) | 0.57 | |
| Diet + supplement µg/day | ||||||||||
| 344.77 – 3649 | 70/305 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 21.52 – 2448 | 62/273 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 3649 – 6352 | 48/305 | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) | >2448 – 5064 | 70/272 | 1.22 (0.83–1.79) | 1.21 (0.80–1.85) | |||
| 6352 – 100551 | 46/305 | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.56 (0.34–0.90) | 0.03 | >5064 – 85677 | 72/272 | 1.25 (0.85–1.84) | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 0.70 | |
Abbreviation: CaP – prostate cancer
a
Adjusted for age
b
Additional adjustment for PSA screening history, BMI, smoking status, education, income, NSAIDs use, total dietary fat intake, and study site
c
Categorized into two levels because limited variability in dose did not allow for creation of meaningful tertile categories
†
Multivariable-adjusted trend P value