Table IV.

Associations between adipose tissue carotenoid levels and prostate cancer aggressiveness among European Americans and African Americans

European American n = 581						African American n = 358
Carotenoids		High aggressive/ low-intermediate aggressive CaP a 89/492	OR (95% CI) b	OR (95% CI) c	P†	Carotenoids	High aggressive/ low-intermediate aggressive CaP a 66/292	OR (95% CI) b	OR (95% CI)c	P†
α–carotene µg/g
	0.003 – 0.015	26/128	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.012	16/54	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.016 – 0.039	30/116	1.15 (0.63–2.08)	1.52 (0.78–2.94)		0.013 – 0.025	7/53	0.34 (0.11–1.09)	0.45 (0.15–1.34)
	0.040 – 0.454	12/112	0.49 (0.24–1.03)	0.58 (0.25–1.32)	0.07	0.026 – 0.450	13/49	1.07 (0.39–2.92)	1.13 (0.43–3.00)	0.70
cis–β-carotene µg/g
	0.003 – 0.032	28/138	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.028	23/71	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.033 – 0.088	27/134	0.89 (0.49–1.61)	1.06 (0.57–1.99)		0.029 – 0.073	7/71	0.60 (0.12–1.74)	0.74 (0.28–1.22)
	0.089 – 1.233	27/135	0.88 (0.49–1.59)	1.16 (0.60–2.25)	0.65	0.074 – 1.163	24/71	0.93 (0.47–1.83)	1.13 (0.52–2.44)	0.71
trans–β-carotene µg/g
	0.003 – 0.061	33/154	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.045	21/88	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.062 – 0.171	34/152	0.95 (0.56–1.64)	1.11 (0.62–1.99)		0.046 – 0.126	17/88	0.85 (0.42–1.73)	0.70 (0.32–1.53)
	0.172 – 2.408	21/151	0.58 (0.32–1.06)	0.75 (0.39–1.45)	0.31	0.127 – 2.322	22/88	0.97 (0.49–1.91)	1.12 (0.52–2.39)	0.57
α–cryptoxanthin µg/g
	0.003 – 0.013	23/113	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.010	15/62	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.014 – 0.025	18/112	0.73 (0.37–1.45)	0.84 (0.41–1.75)		0.011 – 0.024	14/62	0.92 (0.41–2.07)	0.94 (0.39–2.33)
	0.026 – 0.219	20/115	0.82 (0.42–1.60)	0.97 (0.46–2.02)	0.99	0.025 – 0.165	12/61	0.82 (0.35–1.90)	1.03 (0.40–2.68)	0.93
β–cryptoxanthin µg/g
	0.003 – 0.037	30/151	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.030	22/86	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.038 – 0.089	32/148	1.03 (0.59–1.79)	1.19 (0.64–2.19)		0.031 – 0.070	17/82	0.82 (0.41–1.67)	0.71 (0.32–1.61)
	0.090 – 0.909	25/146	0.83 (0.46–1.49)	0.92 (0.48–1.76)	0.67	0.071 – 0.638	19/83	0.90 (0.45–1.78)	1.00 (0.46–2.19)	0.77
Lutein µg/g
	0.004 – 0.078	28/161	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.069	23/95	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.079 – 0.219	31/161	1.22 (0.69–2.14)	1.26 (0.69–2.31)		0.070 – 0.204	22/94	0.96 (0.50–1.85)	0.95 (0.47–1.95)
	0.220 – 1.457	29/159	1.01 (0.57–1.79)	1.27 (0.68–2.35)	0.51	0.205 – 2.033	20/94	0.89 (0.46–1.73)	1.02 (0.49–2.12)	0.92
Zeaxanthin µg/g
	0.003 – 0.038	28/156	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.028	24/93	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.039 – 0.098	40/157	1.42 (0.83–2.44)	1.73 (0.96–3.09)		0.029 – 0.073	20/93	0.83 (0.43–1.61)	0.87 (0.42–1.83)
	0.099 – 2.985	20/154	0.76 (0.41–1.43)	0.96 (0.49–1.88)	0.78	0.074 – 0.713	19/91	0.83 (0.42–1.63)	1.01 (0.47–2.17)	0.89
Lycopene (cis + trans) µg/g
	0.004 – 0.137	35/153	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.004 – 0.100	23/91	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.138 – 0.371	34/152	1.02 (0.60–1.73)	1.23 (0.69–2.18)		0.101 – 0.272	15/87	0.74 (0.36–1.51)	0.69 (0.31–1.56)
	0.372 – 3.164	17/152	0.51 (0.27–0.96)	0.64 (0.34–1.31)	0.11	0.273 – 3.013	23/88	1.08 (0.56–2.07)	1.11 (0.53–2.35)	0.62
cis-lycopene µg/g
	0.003 – 0.080	33/155	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.059	25/92	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.081 – 0.234	37/157	1.14 (0.67–1.93)	1.52 (0.85–2.71)		0.060 – 0.168	16/88	0.74 (0.37–1.49)	0.74 (0.34–1.63)
	0.235 – 2.049	18/152	0.57 (0.31–1.07)	0.79 (0.40–1.54)	0.30	0.169 – 1.879	22/90	0.94 (0.49–1.80)	0.97 (0.46–2.02)	0.96
all-trans-lycopene µg/g
	0.003 – 0.050	35/158	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		0.003 – 0.037	22/95	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	0.051 – 0.137	33/154	0.99 (0.58–1.69)	1.11 (0.63–1.99)		0.038 – 0.102	17/90	0.84 (0.42–1.70)	0.85 (0.39–1.85)
	0.138 – 1.115	18/154	0.54 (0.29–1.01)	0.69 (0.36–1.36)	0.25	0.103 – 1.134	22/92	1.07 (0.55–2.07)	1.10 (0.51–2.34)	0.72

^aSome categories may not sum to total number of subjects because of missing data

^bAdjusted for age

^cadditional adjustment for PSA screening history, BMI, smoking status, education, income, NSAIDs use, total dietary fat intake, study site, family history of prostate cancer, comorbidities, and prostate cancer treatment status.

^†Multivariable-adjusted trend p-values