Inhibition of Thy-1 inhibits VEGF-mediated Rac1 activation and angiogenic effects in CECs. (A) Rac1 activity assay (left panel, representative images; right panel, quantification of densitometry of GTP-Rac1 to total Rac1 [normalized to PBS of control]), (B) CEC migration, (C) CEC proliferation, and (D, E) cytoskeleton stress fibers stained by rhodamine phalloidin (D, representative images; E, quantification of fluorescent density of stress fiber staining [normalized to control/PBS]) were measured in CECs pretreated with Thy-1 blocking peptide (Thy-1Inh) for 30 minutes prior to incubation with VEGF (20 ng/mL) for additional 30 minutes. Note intracellular fibers induced by VEGF and reduction in CECs pretreated with Thy-1 blocking peptide compared to control (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. PBS of control; †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01, †††P < 0.001 vs. VEGF of control; n = 6–9).