Fig. 1.

Effects of paliperidone on brain nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2) regulatory pathway after acute and chronic restraint stress exposure. Protein levels of (A, E) 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), (B, F) NRF2, (C, G) phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and (D, H) Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) on the prefrontal cortex of rats in control and acute/chronic restraint stress conditions and pretreated with vehicle (Veh) or paliperidone (P). The densitometric data of the respective bands of interest are normalized by β-actin (lower band). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs control (C) group; ^& p < 0.05 vs control + P group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 vs acute/chronic stress + Veh. (Tukey’s post-hoc test or Newman–Keuls post-hoc test). Data represent the mean ± SEM