Fig. 3.

Effects of paliperidone on microglia M2 polarization after acute and chronic restraint stress exposure. mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (A, F) interleukin (IL)-4, (B, G) transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and (C, H) IL-10. Protein levels of M2 microglia cellular markers (D, I) arginase (Arg)I and (E, J) folate receptor 2 (FOLR2). ArgI/ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells quantification on the prefrontal cortex of rats in control and acute restraint stress conditions and pretreated with vehicle (Veh) or paliperidone (P). *p < 0.05, ***p <0.001 vs control (C) group; ^& p < 0.05, ^&&& p < 0.001 vs control + P group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 vs acute/chronic stress + Veh. (Tukey’s post-hoc test or Newman–Keuls post-hoc test). Data represent the mean ± SEM