Fig. 1.

Inhibition of oral bacteria-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). THP-1-derived macrophages were infected with HCMV (A) or EBV (B). Twenty-four hours after the infection, cells were challenged with the indicated bacteria for 5 h, and the TNF-α concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean and standard deviation are shown as column and bar, respectively.