Table 3.

Adjusted associations of gestational weight gain (total and trimester-specific) with offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Cardiometabolic outcome		Total GWG (per 2kg)	1st trimester GWG (per 200gr/week)	2nd&3rd trimesters GWG (per 200gr/week)
		β (95% CI)
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg		−0.15 (−0.38, 0.07)	0.09 (−0.68, 0.48)	0.05 (−0.68, 0.78)
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg		0.00 (−0.15, 0.17)	0.43 (0.00, 0.86)	−0.059 (−0.61, 0.49)
Total cholesterol, mg/dL		−0.57 (−1.46, 0.32)	−0.04 (−2.42, 2.33)	−1.91 (−4.88, 1.06)
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL		−0.10 (−0.43, 0.23)	0.31 (−0.57, 1.19)	−0.89 (−1.99, 0.20)
CRP, ratio GM		1.01 (0.96, 1.05)	1.01 (0.90, 1.14)	1.03 (0.89, 1.20)
Adiponectin, ratio GM		0.99 (0.97, 1.01)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	0.95 (0.89, 1.02)
Leptin	cord blood, ratio GM	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)	0.99 (0.93, 1.05)	1.08 (1.00, 1.17)
	4 years, ratio GM	0.97 (0.95, 1.00)	1.01 (0.95, 1.08)	0.89 (0.83, 0.97)

GWG, gestational weight gain; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; ratio GM, ratio of geometric mean (the null value for these ratios is 1).

All models were adjusted for maternal age, education, parity, smoking in pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI, paternal BMI, gestational length (for models using total GWG as an exposure), child’s sex, age at outcome assessment and child’s BMI. Models using cord blood leptin as an outcome were adjusted for birth weight for gestational age instead of child’s BMI.

Bold indicates statistically significant at the 5% level coefficients.