Table 2.

Adjusted Odds Ratios for Help-Seeking for Spousal Violence Among Currently Married Women Aged 15 to 49 in India, by Source of Help, 2005-2006.

	Informal				Formal
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	AOR	p Value	AOR	p Value	AOR	p Value	OR	p Value
Women's empowerment characteristics
Educational attainment			1.02	.073			1.04	.364
Wealth			1.01	.807			0.96	.736
Any media exposure			1.06	.422			0.83	.517
Relationship level
Husband's educational attainment			0.99	.183			1.02	.615
Husband has more education			1.03	.740			1.04	.916
Age difference (husband age – wife age)			0.98**	.003			1.02	.477
Early marriage (<18 years old)			0.93	.230			1.05	.837
No. of husband's control issues			1.17***	.000			1.45***	.000
Wife tolerates wife-beating (any reason)			0.96	.489			0.69	.131
No. of ways wife can move freely			1.07**	.006			1.28*	.015
Wife participates in decision making			1.08	.448			8.22**	.007
Has her money for own use			0.97	.630			0.89	.632
State level
% of women who tolerate IPV			1.22**	.004			1.38	.140
% of women who experience IPV			1.01	.294			0.99	.378
Gender Development Index			0.93	.149			1.39*	.029
Gender Empowerment Measure			1.23***	.000			0.62***	.001

Note. Adjusted for age, total number of children, religion, urban residence, employment, family history of abuse, daughter-in-law status and household education, and severity of violence, which were all not significant at p < .05, with the exception of women who were of “other/none” religion who were more likely than Hindu women to seek help from informal sources (OR = 1.7, p = .001). Older women were more likely (OR = 1.05, p = .003) and Muslims were less likely (AOR = 0.24, p = .030) to seek help from institutions. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; OR = odds ratio; IPV = intimate partner violence.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.