Table 1.
Epidemiological studies on the association between humidifier disinfectants and interstitial lung disease of unknown cause since 2011 performed in Korea
| Author (publication year) [Ref] | Study subjects | Use of disinfectant vs. no use of disinfectant OR (95% CI) | Dose-response relationship OR, RR | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case-control st udy | ||||
| Kim et al. (2014) [12] | No. of subjects (age range, yr) Patients: 18 (35.3, 44.0) Control: 121 (35.4, 42.9) |
47.3 (6.1, 369.7) | Hospital control group Age, sex-matched Logistic regression model (no adjustment) |
|
| Yang et al. (2013) [13] | No. of subjects (age range, mo): Patients: 16 (18.25, 36.25; median, 26) Control: 47 (26.0, 29.5) |
2.73 (1.41, 5.90) | Hospital control group Age, sex, first diagnosis-date matched Conditional logistic regression model |
|
| Park et al. (2016) [14] | No. of subjects (age range, yr) Patients: 16 (28.0, 49.0; median, 36.0) Control: 60 (27.0, 51.0; median, 35.0) |
116.1 (6.5, 2,063.7) | According to 5-year cumulative exposure (L) OR: reference ((<0.5) -> 76.0 (0.5, 2.5) -> 272.9 (2.5+). According to daily exposure (mL/d) OR: reference (<10) -> 95.4 -> (10, 20) -> 133.5 (20+). According to 5-year exposure period (mo) OR: reference ((<5) -> 9.5 (5, 10) -> 52.9 (10+) |
Community control group Age, sex, resident area, pregnancy history-matched Conditional logistic regression analysis |
| Park et al. (2015) [15] | No. of subjects (age range) Patients: 169 Control: 303 (≤6 yr and ≥35 yr, pregnant females included) |
According to daily mean sleep time in a room with a humidifier containing disinfectants (hr/d) OR: reference (<10) ->1.7 (10.1, 11.0) -> 2.0 (11.1, 12.0) OR per the mean distance (m) between a humidifier and the patient’s bed (>1) -> 2.7 (0.5, 1.0) ->13.2 (<0.5). According to disinfectant concentration in the air (quartile, μg/m3) OR: reference (<317.1) -> 1.0 (317.2, 508.5) ->1.2 (508.6, 942.5) -> 2.6 (942.6, 4946.9) |
Family control group No pairing Age, sex, factory within 1 km of resident area, number of chemical substances used at home Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis |
|
| Retrospective cohort study | ||||
| Paek et al. (2015) [16] | 1,002 people, 273 families (death: 107) Age range: 0 to adult the exposed/the unexposed (549/408) |
By age (vs. > 20 yr) 0-4: 3.84 (2.55, 5.79) 4-20: 1.89 (1.09, 3.27) Age-sex (vs. male adult) Female infants 17.14 (2.14, 137.59) Male infants 10.04 (1.23, 82.32) Female adults 6.02 (0.74, 49.10) |
≥11 hr exposure/d (vs. <11 hr) 1.41 (0.90, 2.12) ≥7 d exposure/wk (vs. <7 d/wk) 4.07 (1.28, 12.91) ≥800 μg/m3 exposure (vs.<800 pg/m3) 1.61 (1.08, 2.40) Survival possibility according to exposure type: high-concentration constant exposure< low-concentration constant exposure < intermittent exposure |
Survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards model |
Ref, reference number; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.