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. 2016 Oct 12;104(5):1345–1351. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.129379

TABLE 1.

Age-adjusted baseline characteristics by baseline dietary glycemic index in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study in 64,328 Chinese women (1996–2000)1

Quintile of glycemic index
Characteristics 1 2 3 4 5 P2
Participants, n 12,865 12,866 12,866 12,866 12,865 —
Glycemic index3 34.2–71.8 71.8–74.5 74.5–76.5 76.5–78.6 78.6–86.1 —
Glycemic load 179 ± 20 199 ± 20 210 ± 20 220 ± 20 238 ± 20 <0.0001
Refined carbohydrate intake,4 g/d 190 ± 24 222 ± 24 240 ± 24 256 ± 24 281 ± 24 <0.0001
Total carbohydrate intake, g/d 263 ± 24 274 ± 24 281 ± 24 286 ± 24 299 ± 24 <0.0001
Age, y 49.7 ± 7.8 50.6 ± 8.3 51.1 ± 8.5 51.9 ± 8.9 54.1 ± 9.4 <0.0001
High educational attainment,5 % 20.0 17.1 14.2 11.3 6.0 <0.0001
Ever smoker, % 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.6 5.0 <0.0001
Family history of stroke, % 18.1 18.4 17.6 17.4 15.5 <0.0001
BMI, kg/m2 23.7 ± 3.3 23.8 ± 3.3 23.7 ± 3.3 23.8 ± 3.3 24.2 ± 3.3 <0.0001
History of hypertension, % 17.2 18.6 18.6 20.2 22.1 <0.0001
History of dyslipidemia, % 13.1 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.2 0.68
Total energy intake, kcal/d 1690 ± 394 1697 ± 393 1685 ± 393 1669 ± 393 1680 ± 396 0.72
Saturated fat intake, g/d 9.9 ± 2.8 8.8 ± 2.8 8.3 ± 2.8 7.7 ± 2.8 6.5 ± 2.8 <0.0001
Partial diet quality score6 29.8 ± 3.9 29.7 ± 3.9 29.2 ± 3.9 28.4 ± 3.9 26.1 ± 3.9 0.0001
1

Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated.

2

Differences in continuous variables were examined by the general linear regression model and in categorical variables by the chi-square test.

3

Values are ranges.

4

Refined carbohydrates were defined as carbohydrates from white rice and refined-wheat products.

5

High educational attainment was defined as professional education, college, or graduate education.

6

Diet quality score was calculated by assessing adherence to the 2007 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese (28). To examine the health effect of carbohydrates, the component score for consumption of grains and their products was excluded from the total score.