TABLE 4.

HRs (95% CIs) for total stroke death by dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and intakes of refined and total carbohydrates in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study in 64,328 Chinese women (1996–2013)¹

	Percentile of dietary measures
	10th	30th	50th	70th	90th	P-linear	P-nonlinear	P-overall
Glycemic index	71	74	76	78	80
Age- and energy-adjusted	1 (ref)	1.03 (0.85, 1.25)	1.13 (0.88, 1.46)	1.32 (1.02, 1.71)	1.67 (1.29, 2.16)	<0.0001	0.03	<0.0001
Multivariable-adjusted2	1 (ref)	0.97 (0.79, 1.18)	0.99 (0.76, 1.28)	1.05 (0.80, 1.38)	1.15 (0.85, 1.56)	0.27	0.25	0.28
Glycemic load	174	194	207	220	239
Age- and energy-adjusted	1 (ref)	1.05 (0.90, 1.24)	1.14 (0.91, 1.44)	1.32 (1.03, 1.68)	1.73 (1.36, 2.20)	<0.0001	0.06	<0.0001
Multivariable-adjusted2	1 (ref)	1.00 (0.82, 1.22)	1.04 (0.78, 1.40)	1.13 (0.79, 1.61)	1.33 (0.86, 2.08)	0.12	0.18	0.12
Refined carbohydrates, g/d	189	217	236	254	280
Age- and energy-adjusted	1 (ref)	1.06 (0.90, 1.25)	1.15 (0.91, 1.45)	1.32 (1.04, 1.69)	1.73 (1.36, 2.21)	<0.0001	0.07	<0.0001
Multivariable-adjusted2	1 (ref)	1.00 (0.83, 1.20)	1.03 (0.78, 1.35)	1.11 (0.81, 1.53)	1.30 (0.88, 1.93)	0.12	0.19	0.12
Total carbohydrates, g/d	246	266	278	291	308
Age- and energy-adjusted	1 (ref)	1.02 (0.87, 1.19)	1.09 (0.88, 1.35)	1.25 (1.00, 1.56)	1.63 (1.30, 2.04)	<0.0001	0.03	<0.0001
Multivariable-adjusted2	1 (ref)	0.94 (0.76, 1.18)	0.94 (0.68, 1.32)	0.99 (0.66, 1.50)	1.12 (0.66, 1.91)	0.50	0.13	0.26

¹ref, referent.

²Cox model, with age as the time scale, was stratified by 5-y birth cohort and adjusted for education, cigarette smoking, BMI, family history of stroke, history of hypertension, history of dyslipidemia, total energy intake, saturated fat intake, and a partial diet quality score. Dietary intakes and disease history were modeled as time-varying variables.