TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics for 16,678 participants without CHD at baseline in the REGARDS study 2003–2007, by quintile of total flavonoid intake (total I)1
| Quintile of total flavonoid I intake |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P2 | |
| n | 3305 | 3341 | 3362 | 3362 | 3321 | |
| Age, y | 63.4 ± 9.03 | 64.4 ± 9.0 | 64.7 ± 9.2 | 64.6 ± 9.2 | 64.2 ± 8.9 | 0.002 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 2039 ± 548 | 1473 ± 530 | 1511 ± 588 | 1653 ± 611 | 1774 ± 779 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.4 ± 6.3 | 29.0 ± 6.2 | 28.8 ± 5.9 | 29.1 ± 6.0 | 28.7 ± 6.0 | 0.003 |
| Male, n (%) | 1761 (53.3) | 1297 (38.8) | 1233 (36.8) | 1317 (39.2) | 1272 (38.3) | <0.001 |
| White, n (%) | 2070 (62.6) | 2011 (60.2) | 2034 (60.7) | 2241 (66.7) | 2643 (79.6) | <0.001 |
| Region,4 n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Stroke Belt | 1146 (34.7) | 1080 (32.3) | 1099 (32.8) | 1174 (34.9) | 1227 (37.0) | |
| Stroke Buckle | 575 (19.2) | 659 (20.0) | 681 (19.8) | 818 (23.2) | 909 (27.3) | |
| Not Stroke Belt | 1584 (47.9) | 1602 (47.8) | 1569 (46.9) | 1370 (40.8) | 1185 (35.7) | |
| Physical activity,5 n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 1174 (35.5) | 1113 (33.3) | 954 (28.5) | 1019 (30.3) | 1028 (30.9) | |
| 1–3 times/wk | 1174 (35.5) | 1254 (37.5) | 1359 (40.6) | 1294 (38.5) | 1238 (37.3) | |
| ≥4 times/wk | 957 (25.9) | 974 (29.2) | 1036 (30.9) | 1049 (31.2) | 1055 (31.8) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 1297 (39.2) | 1593 (46.1) | 1654 (49.4) | 1667 (49.6) | 1702 (51.3) | |
| Past | 1356 (41.0) | 1365 (40.9) | 1334 (39.8) | 1331 (39.6) | 1229 (37.0) | |
| Current | 364 (11.0) | 286 (8.6) | 269 (8.0) | 267 (7.9) | 233 (7.0) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 364 (11.0) | 286 (8.6) | 269 (8.0) | 267 (7.9) | 233 (7.0) | |
| High school graduate | 950 (28.4) | 806 (24.1) | 735 (22.0) | 794 (23.6) | 862 (25.9) | |
| Some college | 901 (27.6) | 900 (26.9) | 942 (28.1) | 920 (27.4) | 949 (28.6) | |
| College graduate | 1090 (32.8) | 1349 (40.4) | 1403 (41.9) | 1381 (41.0) | 1277 (38.5) | |
| Annual income, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Did not respond | 367 (11.1) | 406 (12.2) | 381 (11.4) | 382 (11.4) | 386 (11.6) | |
| <$20,000 | 568 (17.2) | 487 (14.5) | 450 (13.4) | 497 (14.8) | 441 (13.3) | |
| $20,000–$34,000 | 788 (23.4) | 765 (22.9) | 763 (22.8) | 831 (24.7) | 786 (23.7) | |
| $35,000–$74,000 | 1036 (31.4) | 1067 (31.9) | 1102 (32.9) | 1047 (31.1) | 1070 (32.2) | |
| ≥$75,000 | 546 (16.5) | 616 (18.4) | 653 (19.5) | 605 (18.0) | 638 (19.2) | |
| Alcoholic drinks/wk | 2.9 ± 8.9 | 2.6 ± 7.3 | 2.4 ± 5.4 | 2.2 ± 5.4 | 1.9 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber, g/d | 16.5 ± 8.4 | 14.3 ± 7.5 | 15.5 ± 7.9 | 16.2 ± 8.2 | 16.9 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat, g/d | 29.1 ± 7.5 | 20.5 ± 4.1 | 19.5 ± 4.3 | 19.6 ± 4.6 | 19.9 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Monounsaturated fat, g/d | 29.1 ± 7.5 | 26.3 ± 5.8 | 26.3 ± 6.4 | 26.3 ± 6.4 | 26.4 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| trans Fats, g/d | 7.7 ± 4.0 | 5.9 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 2.7 | 4.6 ± 2.9 | 5.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C without supplements, mg/d | 84.6 ± 55.0 | 92.2 ± 55.1 | 118.9 ± 64.3 | 121.0 ± 78.8 | 115.6 ± 77.3 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E, a-TEs/d | 11.0 ± 5.2 | 8.5 ± 4.3 | 8.7 ± 4.5 | 9.5 ± 4.8 | 10.0 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| β-Carotene, μg/d | 3323 ± 2797 | 3152 ± 2456 | 3576 ± 2892 | 3687 ± 3119 | 3777 ± 3177 | <0.001 |
| Folate without supplements, μg/d | 352 ± 153 | 297 ± 135 | 322 ± 143 | 345 ± 146 | 373 ± 153 | <0.001 |
| Energy from sweets, % | 17.6 ± 11.2 | 14.3 ± 9.6 | 13.0 ± 8.7 | 14.5 ± 9.2 | 16.1 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Whole grains, servings/d | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Sum of anthocyanidin, flavan3-ol, flavanone, flavone, and flavonol intakes. a-TE, α-tocopherol equivalent; CHD, coronary heart disease; REGARDS, REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke.
Data were analyzed by using ANOVA and chi-square tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
Mean ± SD (all such values).
The Stroke Belt includes Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; the Stroke Buckle includes coastal plains of Georgia, and North and South Carolina; Not Stroke Belt includes the remaining area in the lower 48 contiguous states. Regions are mutually exclusive.
Answer to “How many times per week do you engage in intense physical activity, enough to work up a sweat?”