TABLE 3.
HRs (95% CIs) for incident CHD by quintile of energy-adjusted flavonoid intake for 16,678 participants in the REGARDS study1
| Quintile |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend2 | |
| Total flavonoids I,3 mg/d | 46 (≤72)4 | 91 (73–113) | 141 (114–181) | 251 (182–352) | 599 (≥353) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.21) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) | 0.27 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.13) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.43) | 0.25 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.09 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.10) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.35) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 0.40 |
| Anthocyanidins, mg/d | 4.0 (≤5.8) | 7.3 (5.9–8.7) | 10.3 (8.8–12.2) | 14.8 (12.3–18.5) | 24.7 (≥18.6) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.62, 0.99) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.95) | 0.62 (0.48, 0.80) | 0.53 (0.41, 0.69) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.74 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.71 (0.52, 0.98) | 0.04 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.06) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.96) | 0.05 |
| Flavan-3-ols, mg/d | 8 (≤25) | 38 (26–50) | 68 (51–112) | 187 (113–278) | 529 (≥279) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.32) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.15) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.41) | 0.22 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.68, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.44) | 0.26 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) | 1.13 (0.87, 1.45) | 0.11 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.65, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.26) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 0.39 |
| Flavanones, mg/d | 2 (≤10) | 9 (10–14) | 17 (15–19) | 34 (20–46) | 58 (≥46) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.04) | 0.22 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 0.97 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.26) | 0.52 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.37) | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.50) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) | 0.62 |
| Flavones, mg/d | 0.4 (≤ 0.51) | 0.60 (0.52–0.69) | 0.80 (0.70–0.94) | 1.10 (0.95–1.45) | 2.09 (≥ 1.46) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.32) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.14) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 1.22 (0.95, 1.26) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.27) | 0.82 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.31) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.70) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.69) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) | 0.18 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 1.22 (0.96, 1.56) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 0.78 |
| Flavonols, mg/d | 7 (≤9) | 11 (9–13) | 16 (14–18) | 23 (19–28) | 36 (≥28) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 0.77 (0.59, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.06) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.19) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.64 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.72, 1.19) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.31) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.32) | 0.10 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.27) | 0.98 |
| Proanthocyanidins, mg/d | 42 (≤59) | 70 (60–81) | 91 (82–103) | 117 (104–136) | 168 (≥137) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.53, 0.87) | 0.58 (0.53, 0.76) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.86) | 0.51 (0.40, 0.67) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.88) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.01) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.82) | 0.003 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.57, 0.92) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.88) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.02) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.84) | 0.02 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.55, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.59, 0.97) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.85) | 0.03 |
| Total flavonoids II,5 mg/d | 108 (≤149) | 179 (150–211) | 250 (212–298) | 366 (299–477) | 717 (≥478) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.77 (0.60, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.47 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.31 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.25) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.33) | 0.46 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.73, 1.18) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.19) | 0.86 |
HRs (95% CIs) were calculated with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. Model 1 adjusted for age, energy and sex; model 2 adjusted as for model 1, as well as for race, region of residence, educational attainment, household income, exercise, and smoking status; model 3 adjusted as for model 2, as well as for percentage of calories from sweets, fiber, trans fat, and n–3 fatty acids; model 4 adjusted as for model 3, as well as for BMI, aspirin use, and history of or use of medications for hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. CHD, coronary heart disease; REGARDS, REasons for Geographic and Racial Disparities in Stroke.
P-trend values were calculated with the use of the Wald test.
Sum of anthocyanidin, flavan3-ol, flavanone, flavone, and flavonol intakes.
Median (range) (all such values).
Sum of anthocyanidin, flavan3-ol, flavanone, flavone, flavonol, and proanthocyanidin intakes.