Table 2.
Summary of the Various Platelet‐Derived Mediator Effects in the Liver
| Context (type/stage of liver injury) | Platelet‐derived cytokine (if any) involved | Cell(s)/structure(s) involved | Effect on cell/structure | Overall effect on liver | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resection | HGF, VEGF, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 | Hepatocyte | Phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 | Liver regeneration | 65, 68, 69, 71 |
| Resection | Sphingosine 1‐phosphate | Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells | Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells start to produce IL‐6 and VEGF | Liver regeneration | 68, 69 |
| Resection | Direct Kupffer cell adherence | Kupffer cell | Kupffer cells produce TNF‐α and IL‐6 | Liver regeneration | 70, 71 |
| Hepatectomy | Serotonin | Hepatocyte | Hepatocyte proliferation | Liver regeneration | 87 |
| Carbon tetrachloride‐induced murine fibrosis | HGF | Hepatocytes, HSCs | Hepatocyte apoptosis inhibited, HSC trans‐differentiation to myofibroblasts blocked | Fibrolysis, liver regeneration | 63, 74 |
| Hepatitis C fibrosis | PDGF‐β | HSCs | HSC trans‐differentiation to myofibroblasts | Liver fibrosis | 77, 79, 80 |
| Carbon tetrachloride‐ and thioacetamide‐induced murine fibrosis | CXCL‐4 | HSCs | HSC chemotaxis, chemokine expression, and immune cell recruitment | Liver fibrosis | 81 |
| Viral hepatitis | Serotonin | Sinusoidal circulation | Delayed viral clearance, enhanced T‐cell toxicity | Liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer | 11 |