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. 2016 May 16;36(5):871–923. doi: 10.1002/med.21395

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Proposed signaling scheme for the cardioprotective effect of opioids.OR, opioid receptor; PLC, phospholipase C; DAG, diacylglycerol; PKC, protein kinase C; Src, sarcoma tyrosine kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase; JAK2, Janus kinase 2; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; Akt, kinase isolated from AKR thymoma cell line; MEK1/2, mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase; ERK1/2, extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, NO‐synthase; GC, guanylyl cyclase; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; PKG, protein kinase G; mitoKATP, mitochondrial ATP‐sensitive K+ channel; sarcKATP, sarcolemmal ATP‐sensitive K+ channel; GSK‐3β, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; EGFR, epidermal grows factor receptor; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; Cyt C, cytochrome C; AIF, apoptosis inducing factor; Bcl‐2, B‐cell lymphoma protein‐2; Bax, Bcl‐2‐associated X‐protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NFκB, nuclear factor κB; IκB, IκB kinase; mitoBKCa, mitochondrial big conductance Ca2+‐dependent K+ channel; ETC, electron transport chain.