Table 3.
Geometric means with 95% confidence intervals for cytokine gene expression in the VLPFC of control and depressed individuals
| Control | Depressed | ANCOVA* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Cytokine | n | Mean (95% CI) | n | Mean (95% CI) | Statistic | p value† | Adjusted p value‡ |
| IL1-β | 30 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) | 39 | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | t62 = 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.55 |
| IL2 | 30 | 0.66 (0.34–1.29) | 39 | 0.27 (0.16–0.47) | t61 = 2.15 | 0.036 | 0.07 |
| IL4 | 30 | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 38 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | t62 = 0.93 | 0.36 | 0.43 |
| IL5 | 30 | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 39 | 1.25 (0.96–1.62) | t48 = −1.64 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
| IL6 | 30 | 1.11 (0.72–1.69) | 39 | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | t62 = 1.63 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
| IL13 | 24 | 0.92 (0.7–1.2) | 31 | 0.64 (0.51–0.79) | t62 = 2.23 | 0.029 | 0.06 |
| IL33 | 25 | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 31 | 0.52 (0.41–0.67) | t49 = 3.57 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| IFN-γ | 30 | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 39 | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | t62 = 2.85 | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| TNF-α | 30 | 1.04 (0.79–1.38) | 39 | 0.64 (0.51–0.8) | t62 = 2.86 | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| CCL2 | 30 | 1.29 (0.89–1.68) | 39 | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) | t62 = 2.37 | 0.021 | 0.06 |
| COX2 | 25 | 0.80 (0.56–1.13) | 31 | 0.89 (0.67–1.17) | t49 = −0.51 | 0.61 | 0.61 |
ANCOVA = analysis of covariance; CCL2 = chemokine ligand 2; CI = confidence interval; COX2 = cyclooxygenase-2; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; VLPFC = ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
*
Adjusted means were estimated by ANCOVA on log-transformed KP metabolites to test control v. depressed differences, adjusting for age, sex and postmortem interval.
†
Significant levels for unadjusted values for multiple comparisons.
‡
Significant levels for adjusted values for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg modification of the Bonferroni method.