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The evolution of finite element (FE) models of bone cells from (a) idealized lacunae110 to (b) osteocyte geometries generated from X‐ray nano‐tomography,112 predicting strain amplification that has been (c) validated experimentally.54 Advances from (d) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of osteocytes108 with the development of (e) fluid–structure interaction (FSI) techniques,113 predicting velocities and shear stresses that have been (f) validated using tracer studies.51
