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AFM topographical images (10 µm ×10 µm) of paper substrates with (left side) and without (right side) printed GNS patterns (10201 drops/mm2, 1 layer). The substrates are as follows: (a,b) non-permeable paper substrate; (c,d) semi-permeable paper substrate with barrier layer and (e,f) permeable paper substrate with no barrier layer. A photograph of the printed GNS patterns (4578 drops/mm2, 1–12 layers) on the non-permeable paper substrate is shown in panel g.
