Table 4. Mean pain ratings for cutaneous noxious heat applied to the lower back before (baseline), during (HNCS) and after (recovery) immersion of the left hand in cold water.

	Baseline	HNCS*	Recovery†
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
	[min-max]	[min-max]	[min-max]
Healthy controls a	39.1 ± 7.8	32.2 ± 16.5	43.8 ± 13.8
	[26–51]	[3–58]	[14–65]
Individuals with a history of LBP b	37.9 ± 13.7	33.6 ± 19.4	42.5 ± 21.6
	[0–67]	[0–78]	[0–80]

^a: 10 healthy controls reported an increase in pain perception during HNCS, whereas 9 reported a decrease in pain perception

^b: 33 individuals with a history of LBP reported an increase in pain perception during HNCS, 5 reported no change and 62 reported a decrease in pain perception.

* Planned contrasts revealed a decrease (both groups) in pain perceptions during HNCS (p < .001)

† Planned contrasts revealed an increase (both groups) in pain perceptions during recovery (p = .001)