Table 1. Frequency of wild type and mutant alleles of pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr and pfdhps in P. falciparum isolates from Kota Marudu, Sabah.

Drug resistant	Chloroquine		Sulfadoxine			Pyrimethamine
Genes	Pfcrt	Pfmdr1	Pfdhps			Pfdhfr
Mutant Codon	K76T	N86Y	A437G	K540E	A581G	A16V	N51I	C59R	S108N	I164L
Frequency (%)	6.9	6.9	100	0	6.9	0	0	100	100	10.3
No. of mutant samples	2/29	2/29	29/29	0/29	2/29	0/29	0/29	29/29	29/29	3/29

Pfcrt, P. falciparum chloroquine transporter gene; pfmdr1, P. falciparum multidrug resistant gene; pfdhfr, P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase, pfdhps, P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase. Amino acids: A, alanine, C, cysteine, E, glutamic acid, G, glycine, I, isoleucine, K, lysine, L, leucine, N, asparagine, R, arginine, S, serine, T, threonine, V, valine.